Phase Equilibria and Crystal Growth for LiREF4 Scheelite Crystals

The scheelite type laser crystals LiREF4 melt congruently only for RE being one of the elements Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, or possibly Y, respectively. For RE = Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, or Ho the corresponding scheelites undergo a peritectic melting under the formation of the corresponding rare earth fluoride. The melting behavior of LiREF4 mixed crystals with two or more RE is not yet known well. If RE is a mixture of Gd and Lu, Gd rich solid solutions melt peritectically under formation of (Gd,Lu)F3 and Lu rich solid solutions melt directly without formation of other solid phases.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, MRS Fall 2008 Bosto

Space of Failed Expectations? Building a Baltic Sea Region after the End of the Cold War

Nach dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs richteten sich viele Bemühungen darauf, die Ostseeregion als einheitlich gestaltete und gelebte Region zu etablieren. Politische und akademische Akteure arbeiteten gezielt und nicht ohne Erfolg an der Verbreitung grenzüberwindender Kategorien. Dies geschah nicht nur theoretisch, sondern auch praktisch in dem Sinne, dass sich grenzübergreifende Netzwerke herausgebildet haben, in denen der Transfer von Ideen bezüglich der „Ostseeregion“ reibungslos funktioniert. Die nähere Untersuchung dieser und anderer im 20. Jh. gegründeter Netzwerke zeigt allerdings, dass sie oft nicht die ganze Region umspannen, über die sie reden und die sie erreichen möchten. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Grenzen der Übertragbarkeit von Ideen über die „Ostseeregion“ und stellt sich der Herausforderung, diese Grenzen zu erklären und zu verstehen

About a diversity of urban movements in Poland

Celem artykułu jest operacjonalizacja pojęcia ruchów miejskich, przy uwzględnieniu specyfiki warunków polskich, czyli kraju o stosunkowo młodej i chwiejnej demokracji. Tekst stanowi głos w dyskusji nad kierunkami badań współczesnych ruchów społecznych, a także zwraca uwagę na silne zróżnicowanie polskich inicjatyw oddolnych funkcjonujących pod wspólnym szyldem "ruchy miejskie".The aim of the article is the operationalization of the concept of urban movements, taking into account the specificity of Polish conditions, a country with a relatively young and unstable democracy. Publication is a voice in the discussion on the directions of research in contemporary social movements, and also draws attention to the strong diversification of Polish grassroots initiatives operating under the common name of "urban movements"

Equilibrium in the Baltic: the Polish Baltic Institute’s view on Nordic and Baltic Sea cooperation in the interwar period [Kokkuvõte: Tasakaal Läänemerel: Poola Balti Instituudi vaatenurk koostööle Põhjamaadega ja Läänemere riikidega sõdadevahelisel ajal]

As a result of the First World War, Poland regained independence and access to the Baltic Sea, which caused increased interest in maritime matters among Polish scholars. One of the manifestations of this interest was the founding of the Baltic Institute in 1925, the goals of which were to promote the vision of the Baltic Sea as an important part of the Polish nation’s life, construct a maritime identity in society, and argue for Polish access to the sea against German revisionist arguments. As was typical in Poland, the Baltic Sea and related issues were most often discussed from the point of view of Polish foreign policy and security, as well as the country’s place in the Baltic Sea region and in Europe. In the last years of the interwar period, the Institute also became more interested in cooperation in the Baltic Sea region and in Poland’s Scandinavian/ Nordic neighbours. Scandinavian neutrality and Nordic unity were discussed and analyzed in relation to Polish interests and foreign policy. One of the results of this analysis was a proposal to transform Scandinavian neutrality into a Scandinavian-Baltic version, thanks to which it would be possible to secure peace in Europe. Keywords: Baltic Sea region, interwar period, Baltic Institute, Polan

The obtained of concentrates containing precious metals for pyrometallurgical processing

In the presented study the flotation process has been proposed as a method of enrichment of silver-bearing jewellery waste. This method, traditionally used for the enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores, is based on differences in wettability between individual minerals. Flotation concentrate, enriched with Ag, was subjected to further processing by the pyrometallurgical method in order to produce silver from these wastes

Terminate and make a loop:regulation of transcriptional directionality

Bidirectional promoters are a common feature of many eukaryotic organisms from yeast to humans. RNA Polymerase II that is recruited to this type of promoter can start transcribing in either direction using alternative DNA strands as the template. Such promiscuous transcription can lead to the synthesis of unwanted transcripts that may have negative effects on gene expression. Recent studies have identified transcription termination and gene looping as critical players in the enforcement of promoter directionality. Interestingly, both mechanisms share key components. Here, we focus on recent findings relating to the transcriptional output of bidirectional promoters