Territorial cohesion and structural funds programmes: urban development and territorial cooperation

Paper focusing on territorial cohesion and the structural funds programme in Europe

Measuring, comparing and interpreting phenotypic selection on floral scent

Natural selection on floral scent composition is a key element of the hypothesis that pollinators and other floral visitors drive scent evolution. The measure of such selection is complicated by the high-dimensional nature of floral scent data and uncertainty about the cognitive processes involved in scent-mediated communication. We use dimension reduction through reduced-rank regression to jointly estimate a scent composite trait under selection and the strength of selection acting on this trait. To assess and compare variation in selection on scent across species, time and space, we reanalyse 22 datasets on six species from four previous studies. The results agreed qualitatively with previous analyses in terms of identifying populations and scent compounds subject to stronger selection but also allowed us to evaluate and compare the strength of selection on scent across studies. Doing so revealed that selection on floral scent was highly variable, and overall about as common and as strong as selection on other phenotypic traits involved in pollinator attraction or pollen transfer. These results are consistent with an important role of floral scent in pollinator attraction. Our approach should be useful for further studies of plant-animal communication and for studies of selection on other high-dimensional phenotypes. In particular, our approach will be useful for studies of pollinator-mediated selection on complex scent blends comprising many volatiles, and when no prior information on the physiological responses of pollinators to scent compounds is available

Measuring, comparing and interpreting phenotypic selection on floral scent

Natural selection on floral scent composition is a key element of the hypothesis that pollinators and other floral visitors drive scent evolution. The measure of such selection is complicated by the high-dimensional nature of floral scent data and uncertainty about the cognitive processes involved in scent-mediated communication. We use dimension reduction through reduced-rank regression to jointly estimate a scent composite trait under selection and the strength of selection acting on this trait. To assess and compare variation in selection on scent across species, time and space, we reanalyse 22 datasets on six species from four previous studies. The results agreed qualitatively with previous analyses in terms of identifying populations and scent compounds subject to stronger selection but also allowed us to evaluate and compare the strength of selection on scent across studies. Doing so revealed that selection on floral scent was highly variable, and overall about as common and as strong as selection on other phenotypic traits involved in pollinator attraction or pollen transfer. These results are consistent with an important role of floral scent in pollinator attraction. Our approach should be useful for further studies of plant-animal communication and for studies of selection on other high-dimensional phenotypes. In particular, our approach will be useful for studies of pollinator-mediated selection on complex scent blends comprising many volatiles, and when no prior information on the physiological responses of pollinators to scent compounds is available.Peer reviewe

Chapter 21 Archaea

Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 4th edition provides basic, clear and concise knowledge and practical information about working with microorganisms. Useful to anyone interested in microbes, the book is intended to especially benefit four groups: trained microbiologists working within one specific area of microbiology; people with training in other disciplines, and use microorganisms as a tool or "chemical reagent"; business people evaluating investments in microbiology focused companies; and an emerging group, people in occupations and trades that might have limited training in microbiology, but who require specific practical information

Different cell populations are inducible by BMP-2 covalently covered Bioverit® II implants in rabbit subcutis and middle ear

To optimize the function of implants the formation of surrounding connective tissue should be adapted in dependence to the mechanical conditions. Therefore, with nanostructured silica coated Bioverit® II implants were only partly reacted with recombinant BMP-2. The histology was compared 28, 84 and 301 days after implantation in the rabbit middle ear and subcutis, respectively. The whole tissue blocks were embedded in Epon, sequentially grinded, stained with Toluidine Blue O and Eosin G. The granulation tissue covering the implants varies related to cell types, cell amounts, extracellular matrix and vessels. Whereas the high cell density and the angiogenesis predominated in the subcutis, the formation of new bone could only be recognized in the scar around the implants in the middle ear.SFB/599/project D1

Chapter 21 Archaea

Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 4th edition provides basic, clear and concise knowledge and practical information about working with microorganisms. Useful to anyone interested in microbes, the book is intended to especially benefit four groups: trained microbiologists working within one specific area of microbiology; people with training in other disciplines, and use microorganisms as a tool or "chemical reagent"; business people evaluating investments in microbiology focused companies; and an emerging group, people in occupations and trades that might have limited training in microbiology, but who require specific practical information

Trauernormen: historische und gegenwärtige Perspektiven

"Ziel des Beitrags ist es, eine historische Perspektive auf die Trauer im westlichen Kulturraum zu entwickeln und die darin wirkenden Trauernormen zu verdeutlichen. Den theoretischen Rahmen bildet das Konzept der Gefühlsnormen von Arlie Hochschild. Mit einer Verlagerung von Trauer aus der Gemeinschaft und Öffentlichkeit in die Privatheit - weitgehend losgelöst von festgelegten Ritualen und Praktiken - lässt sich ein historischer Wandel von Verhaltensnormen hin zu Gefühlsnormen im Rahmen einer Emotionalisierung der Trauer feststellen. Empirische Befunde einer Online-Befragung in der Schweiz und Deutschland verdeutlichen die gegenwärtigen Trauernormen und individuellen Erfahrungen im Erleben der Trauer. Die Ergebnisse geben u. a. Hinweise auf die Kontrolle von Trauergefühlen, die Schwierigkeiten, mit anderen über die Trauer zu sprechen und eine Unsicherheit im sozialen Umgang mit Trauernden." (Autorenreferat)"The article adopts a historical perspective on grieving in Western culture and traces contemporary grieving norms. Arlie Hochschild's concept of feeling rules provides the theoretical framework. As grieving has shifted from the community and the public sphere to private sphere - where it is no longer embedded in set rituals and practices -, we can also observe a historical shift from behavioral norms to feeling norms in the course of an emotionalization of grieving. Empirical findings from an online survey in Switzerland and Germany elucidate contemporary grieving norms and illustrate individual experiences of grieving. The results indicate, among other things, how the emotions involved in grieving are controlled and what difficulties exist in verbalizing grief to others. They also point to insecurity in social interaction with those grieving." (author's abstract

Trauernormen: historische und gegenwärtige Perspektiven

"Ziel des Beitrags ist es, eine historische Perspektive auf die Trauer im westlichen Kulturraum zu entwickeln und die darin wirkenden Trauernormen zu verdeutlichen. Den theoretischen Rahmen bildet das Konzept der Gefühlsnormen von Arlie Hochschild. Mit einer Verlagerung von Trauer aus der Gemeinschaft und Öffentlichkeit in die Privatheit - weitgehend losgelöst von festgelegten Ritualen und Praktiken - lässt sich ein historischer Wandel von Verhaltensnormen hin zu Gefühlsnormen im Rahmen einer Emotionalisierung der Trauer feststellen. Empirische Befunde einer Online-Befragung in der Schweiz und Deutschland verdeutlichen die gegenwärtigen Trauernormen und individuellen Erfahrungen im Erleben der Trauer. Die Ergebnisse geben u. a. Hinweise auf die Kontrolle von Trauergefühlen, die Schwierigkeiten, mit anderen über die Trauer zu sprechen und eine Unsicherheit im sozialen Umgang mit Trauernden." (Autorenreferat)"The article adopts a historical perspective on grieving in Western culture and traces contemporary grieving norms. Arlie Hochschild's concept of feeling rules provides the theoretical framework. As grieving has shifted from the community and the public sphere to private sphere - where it is no longer embedded in set rituals and practices -, we can also observe a historical shift from behavioral norms to feeling norms in the course of an emotionalization of grieving. Empirical findings from an online survey in Switzerland and Germany elucidate contemporary grieving norms and illustrate individual experiences of grieving. The results indicate, among other things, how the emotions involved in grieving are controlled and what difficulties exist in verbalizing grief to others. They also point to insecurity in social interaction with those grieving." (author's abstract

Meritaimen- ja lohikantojen tila ja elvyttäminen kolmessa itäisen Suomenlahden jokivesistössä

Sout-East Finland - Russia ENPI CBC 2007-2012 Contact person: Nina PeuhkuriWe investigated by electrofishing the state of sea trout population and also the fish assemblage as a whole in two Finnish–Russian cross-border river systems, Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka and Hounijoki/Buslovka/Rakkolanjoki/Seleznevka, draining into the Gulf of Finland. Based on the fish assemblage, we assessed the ecological status of the rivers. In the third of our target river systems, Gladyshevka/Rotshinka in the Karelian Isthmus, our interest was particularly focused on the Atlantic salmon population. In Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka, trout dominated in density the upper reaches and small tributaries, their densities decreasing towards the river mouth. Restoration of rapids led to increased trout densities, but benign weather conditions may partly explain the trend. The trout population in this river system was found to be genetically unique and diverse. In Hounijoki/Buslovka/Rakkolanjoki/Seleznevka, only a few trout were found − from the Russian side. The absence of trout, especially from the upper reaches, is due to migration obstacles but also probably to poorer water quality compared to Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka. This was also reflected in the poorer ecological status. In Gladyshevka/Rotshinka, both salmon and trout were caught from the River Gladyshevka, but neither of these from the River Rotshinka. The densities of salmon in the River Gladyshevka partly reflect the releases of hatchery fish. We established a broodstock of the Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka trout to enhance restoration of this native sea trout population still found on both the Finnish and Russian sides of the cross-border riversdraining into the Gulf of Finland. We also transferred wild-caught trout to the River Soskuanjoki on the Finnish side and upper reaches of the River Malinovka on the Russian side to promote the existence of the population in the whole river system in the wild. Later observations of trout from the Finnish side suggested that trout accepted the area. We also analysed in which proportions trout from different native or hatchery populations around the Gulf of Finland are represented in the Finnish coastal sea trout catch. Genetic analyses indicated that at least 75% of the catch originated from Finnish hatchery releases, and at least 20% of the catch consisted of wild trout, mostly from Estonia. Trout from the cross-border rivers represented only about 1% of the total catch. Scale analysis of a sample of captured trout indicated that individuals were caught young and often undersized. The salmon releases into the River Gladyshevka started over a decade ago were continued during the project. Salmon were also released into the River Rakkolanjoki. A sample of released salmon was additionally tagged with T-bar anchor tags prior to release to gain information on their migration based on tag recoveries. Seven tags have so far been recovered.; Selvitimme sähkökoekalastuksin meritaimenkantojen tilaa sekä kalastoa kahdessa Suomen ja Venäjän rajajokivesistössä, Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka ja Hounijoki/Buslovka/Rakkolanjoki/Seleznevka, jotka laskevat Viipurinlahteen itäisellä Suomenlahdella. Arvioimme kalastoon perustuen jokivesistöjen ekologisen tilan. Kolmas hankkeen kohdevesistö, jossa mielenkiintomme kohteena oli erityisesti merilohi, oli Karjalan kannaksella sijaitseva Gladyshevka/Rotshinka, joka on tärkeä merilohen palauttamiskohde itäisellä Suomenlahdella Venäjän puolella. Taimenen poikastiheydet ylittivät Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka -jokivesistössä muiden kalalajien tiheydet erityisesti latvavesissä sekä sivu-uomissa. Taimentiheydet laskivat jokisuulle mentäessä. Taimenen poikastiheydet kasvoivat tutkimuksen aikana kunnostetuilla koskilla. Osittain kasvu voi selittyä taimenen lisääntymiselle ja poikasille suotuisilla sääolosuhteilla. Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka -jokivesistön taimenkanta osoittautui perinnöllisesti ainutlaatuiseksi ja monimuotoiseksi. Hounijoki/Buslovka/Rakkolanjoki/Seleznevka -jokivesistöstä löytyi vai jokunen taimen Venäjän puolelta. Taimenen puuttuminen erityisesti jokivesistön yläosista selittyy nousuesteillä, mutta osittain myös veden Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka -jokivesistöä heikommalla laadulla. Tätä heijasti myös havaittu huonompi ekologinen tila. Gladyshevka/Rotshinka -jokivesistöstä saatiin sekä lohta että taimenta Gladyshevka-joesta, mutta Rotshinka-joesta ei lajeista kumpaakaan. Glahyshevka-joessa havaitut lohitiheydet selittyvät osittain jokeen tehdyillä lohi-istutuksilla. Mustajoki/Tchornaja/Soskuanjoki/Malinovka -jokivesistön taimenesta perustettiin viljelyyn emokalasto tämän ainoan Suomen ja Venäjän puolelta Viipurinlahteen laskevista rajajoista tavatun alkuperäisen meritaimenkannan säilyttämiseksi ja suojelemiseksi. Villejä taimenia siirrettiin myös Soskuanjokeen ja Malinovka-joen yläosiin taimenkannan olemassaolon turvaamiseksi koko jokivesistön alueella. Soskuanjoesta myöhemmin tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella taimenet hyväksyivät siirtoalueen. Selvitimme myös, miten luonnontaimenkannat ja laitoskannat ovat edustettuina Suomen rannikon taimensaaliissa. Geneettiset analyysit osoittivat, että vähintään 75 % saaliista on peräisin laitoskannoista. Ainakin viidennes saaliista oli peräisin luonnonkannoista, enimmäkseen Viron puolelta. Rajajokiemme taimenten todettiin muodostavan taimenen kokonaissaaliista vain n. 1 %. Suomuanalyysit osoittivat taimenten jäävän saaliiksi nuorina ja usein alamittaisina. Yli vuosikymmen sitten aloitettua istutuksin toteutettua merilohen elvytysprojektia Gladyshevka-joella jatkettiin tässä hankkeessa. Merilohta istutettiin myös Rakkolanjokeen. Istukkaita myös merkittiin t-ankkurimerkein ennen vapautusta vaellustietojen kartuttamiseksi. Palautustiedot on saatu tähän mennessä seitsemästä merkistä.This project is co­funded by the European Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finlan

The Latino community of Carrboro, Orange County, NC : an action-oriented community diagnosis : a participatory assessment of the Latino community of Carrboro

Carrboro is located adjacent to Chapel Hill, North Carolina and prides itself on being an open and welcoming community. Since 1990 the Latino population of Carrboro has grown 936%, and currently represents 12% of the community. The significant growth of the Latino community of Carrboro has contributed to the town’s diversity and has led to many changes in service delivery. An Action-Oriented Community Diagnosis of the Latino community of Carrboro was conducted by five graduate students from the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, within the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This community diagnosis was conceptualized as part of a larger, county wide assessment being done by the Orange County Health Department for Healthy Carolinians. The purpose of an Action-Oriented Community Diagnosis (AOCD) is to involve community members in identifying their own community’s needs and challenges, as well as its strengths and resources. The information collected through this process can assist the community in conceptualizing methods for dealing with the challenges identified and taking action to confront them. This AOCD process was implemented in three phases. Phase one included the collection of secondary data describing the overall quality of life of Latino residents in Carrboro in terms of physical and mental health, social functioning, economics and growth, crime and safety, housing, recreation, religion, and education. During the second phase, the team conducted interviews and focus groups with community members and service providers to gain firsthand insight into the community and capture the perspective of those who lived and worked there. Between January and April 2003, the students spoke with a total of 47 community members and service providers. In the third phase, the students planned and executed a community forum around the issues related to the major themes that came out of these discussions. The students systematically analyzed all primary data from these interviews. A total of four major themes and four secondary themes emerged from the data. The four major themes – so categorized because of the frequency with which interviewees discussed them – were health, education, employment, and transportation. Secondary themes included community relations, housing, recreation, and youth. Language barriers and documentation issues came up in almost every interview, and were considered overarching themes that affected every facet of life for Carrboro’s Latino population. A committee was formed to help plan the community forum where the interview results would be presented and discussed. The committee was comprised of community members, and service providers within the Latino community of Carrboro. The planning committee assisted in deciding on an appropriate date and location for the event, advised the team on the most important issues to present during the forum, participated in generating publicity about the event, and worked with the team to plan for and facilitate small group discussions at the forum. Being community members and service providers themselves, the planning committee members were essential actors in the AOCD process. Planning committee members named the process ¡Acción Latina! (Latino Action), setting the stage for a results-oriented discussion at the community forum. The community forum took place on Saturday, May 3, 2003. The students presented findings from the four major themes to the assembled group and invited participants to take part in small-group discussions about the issue of their choice. Students and planning committee members facilitated these smaller discussions, with a view to moving participants from identifying common challenges to developing concrete action steps. Participants interested in health issues focused on lack of health insurance among Latinos, the high cost of health care, and the high risk for STDs among Carrboro’s Latinos. They chose to work on strengthening the reach and effectiveness of the highly valued Carrboro Community Health Center, to ensure that information about its affordable and Latino-friendly services are widely disseminated and well-understood. With respect to STD risk, participants decided that a short-term goal should be to provide more information and services through targeted outreach to Latinos and that a long-term goal should be to increase condom use. They developed many specific recommendations to reach these goals. The education group focused primarily on enhancing Latino parents’ opportunities to be involved in their childrens’ education and schools. Participants discussed major barriers to parental involvement such as language issues, not understanding the system, and work schedules. They recommended holding a parent/teacher conference in Spanish during the first week of school which would help bring the parents together with the school system so that the parents could learn what they can do to help their children. The issue of documentation dominated the small group discussion about employment. Specific suggestions included contacting government representatives to advocate for changes to current immigration policies, establishing a volunteer-run student law clinic at the UNC Law School, and holding a workshop or information session on documentation and workers’ rights. Finally, the transportation small group came up with a series of recommendations to improve access to services for Latinos. These suggestions included translating the existing bus schedule into Spanish and encouraging members of the Latino community to join the Transportation Advisory Board and the Extra Territorial Jurisdiction Board. After the individual small group discussions, forum participants reconvened and representatives from each group presented the group’s recommendations and action steps to and accepted responsibility for following up on some of those steps.Master of Public Healt