926 research outputs found
Recovery of the Schwarzschild Metric in Theories with Localized Gravity Beyond Linear Order
We solve the Einstein equations in the Randall-Sundrum framework with a
static, spherically symmetric matter distribution on the {\it physical brane}
and obtain an approximate expression for the gravitational field outside the
source to second order in the gravitational coupling. This expression when
confined on the {\it physical brane} coincides with the standard form of the
Schwarzschild metric. Therefore, the Randall-Sundrum scenario is consistent
with the Mercury precession test of General Relativity.Comment: 17 pages, plain Tex, references added, typos correcte
Gravitational collapse in braneworld models with curvature corrections
We study the collapse of a homogeneous braneworld dust cloud in the context
of the various curvature correction scenarios, namely, the induced-gravity, the
Gauss-Bonnet, and the combined induced-gravity and Gauss-Bonnet. In accordance
to the Randall-Sundrum model, and contrary to four-dimensional general
relativity, we show in all cases that the exterior spacetime on the brane is
non-static.Comment: References adde
Isomerization dynamics of a buckled nanobeam
We analyze the dynamics of a model of a nanobeam under compression. The model
is a two mode truncation of the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation subject to
compressive stress. We consider parameter regimes where the first mode is
unstable and the second mode can be either stable or unstable, and the
remaining modes (neglected) are always stable. Material parameters used
correspond to silicon. The two mode model Hamiltonian is the sum of a
(diagonal) kinetic energy term and a potential energy term. The form of the
potential energy function suggests an analogy with isomerisation reactions in
chemistry. We therefore study the dynamics of the buckled beam using the
conceptual framework established for the theory of isomerisation reactions.
When the second mode is stable the potential energy surface has an index one
saddle and when the second mode is unstable the potential energy surface has an
index two saddle and two index one saddles. Symmetry of the system allows us to
construct a phase space dividing surface between the two "isomers" (buckled
states). The energy range is sufficiently wide that we can treat the effects of
the index one and index two saddles in a unified fashion. We have computed
reactive fluxes, mean gap times and reactant phase space volumes for three
stress values at several different energies. In all cases the phase space
volume swept out by isomerizing trajectories is considerably less than the
reactant density of states, proving that the dynamics is highly nonergodic. The
associated gap time distributions consist of one or more `pulses' of
trajectories. Computation of the reactive flux correlation function shows no
sign of a plateau region; rather, the flux exhibits oscillatory decay,
indicating that, for the 2-mode model in the physical regime considered, a rate
constant for isomerization does not exist.Comment: 42 pages, 6 figure
Investigation of the photosensitivity, temperature sustainability and fluorescence characteristics of several Er-doped photosensitive fibers
Three different types of Er doped photosensitive fibers, germanium/erbium
(Ge/Er) fiber, tin/germanium/erbium fiber (Sn/Er) and antimony/germanium/erbium
fiber (Sb/Er) have been manufactured and studied for use in optical sensor
systems. Their characteristics of photosensitivity, the temperature
sustainability of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) written into these fibers and the
fluorescence emission from the Er dopant were investigated and compared. It has
been shown in this work that these fibers all show a satisfactory degree of
photosensitivity to enable the fabrication of FBGs and a significant level of
fluorescence emission within the 1550 nm band for sensor use. The high
temperature sustainability of the FBGs written into these fibers was
investigated and seen to be quite significant at temperatures as high as 850
^{\circ}C, in particular for the Sn/Er and Sb/Er fibers. A fiber laser using
the Sb/Er fiber as the gain medium was demonstrated, giving evidence of the
strong fluorescence emission from the Er dopant. These fibers are all suitable
for use in a variety of sensing applications for the simultaneous measurement
of temperature and strain by means of monitoring both the fluorescence
characteristics and the peak wavelength shift of the FBGs formed in fiber laser
sensor application
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations
Temperature and precipitation extremes and their potential future changes are evaluated in an ensemble of global coupled climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) diagnostic exercise for the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Climate extremes are expressed in terms of 20-yr return values of annual extremes of near-surface temperature and 24-h precipitation amounts. The simulated changes in extremes are documented for years 2046–65 and 2081–2100 relative to 1981–2000 in experiments with the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1, A1B, and A2 emission scenarios. Overall, the climate models simulate present-day warm extremes reasonably well on the global scale, as compared to estimates from reanalyses. The model discrepancies in simulating cold extremes are generally larger than those for warm extremes, especially in sea ice–covered areas. Simulated present-day precipita-tion extremes are plausible in the extratropics, but uncertainties in extreme precipitation in the Tropics are very large, both in the models and the available observationally based datasets. Changes in warm extremes generally follow changes in the mean summertime temperature. Cold ex-tremes warm faster than warm extremes by about 30%–40%, globally averaged. The excessive warming of cold extremes is generally confined to regions where snow and sea ice retreat with global warming. With th
Isotropy and Stability of the Brane
We reexamine Wald's no-hair theorem for global anisotropy in the brane world
scenarios. We derive a set of sufficient conditions which must be satisfied by
the brane matter and bulk metric so that a homogeneous and anisotropic brane
asymptotically evolves to a de Sitter spacetime in the presence of a positive
cosmological constant on the brane. We discuss the violations of these
sufficient conditions and we show that a negative nonlocal energy density or
the presence of strong anisotropic stress (i.e., a magnetic field) may lead the
brane to collapse. We discuss the generality of these conditions.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, corrected some typos and titl
A long road to recovery: dynamics and ecology of the marbled rockcod (Notothenia rossii) at South Georgia, 50 years after over-exploitation
Exploitation is one of the major drivers of change in marine ecosystems. Following discovery in 1775, South Georgia saw sequential overexploitation of living resources, including seals, whales, and fish. Although exploitation is now tightly regulated, the ecosystem is still recovering. Marbled rockcod, Notothenia rossii (Richardson 1844), was the first fish species to be commercially exploited and high catches between 1967 and 1972 resulted in dramatic stock decline. Here, we use 30 years of trawl survey data to provide the first evidence of a sustained increase in the N. rossii population starting two decades after the prohibition of targeted fishing in 1985. The way species respond to change is mediated in part by trophic relationships with other organisms. We present the first multi-year, spatially-resolved comparison of adult N. rossii diet at South Georgia, highlighting a variable diet with less reliance on Antarctic krill than previously thought. Life history factors and possible heavy predation on early life stages might have delayed their recovery while diet plasticity potentially supported recent population growth. Due to the dynamic ecosystem at South Georgia and questions over catch reports from the period of heaviest exploitation, it is unlikely the current ecosystem could support a recovery to estimated pre-exploitation levels
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Atmospheric sampling of Supertyphoon Mireille with NASA DC-8 aircraft on September 27,1991, during PEM-West A
The DC-8 mission of September 27, 1991, was designed to sample air flowing into Typhoon Mireille in the boundary layer, air in the upper tropospheric eye region, and air emerging from the typhoon and ahead of the system, also in the upper troposphere. The objective was to find how a typhoon redistributes trace constituents in the West Pacific region and whether any such redistribution is important on the global scale. The boundary layer air (300 m), in a region to the SE of the eye, contained low mixing ratios of the tracer species O3, CO, C2H6, C2H2, C3H8, C6H6and CS2 but high values of dimethylsulfide (DMS). The eye region relative to the boundary layer, showed somewhat elevated levels of CO, substantially increased levels of O3, CS2 and all nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and somewhat reduced levels of DMS. Ahead of the eye, CO and the NMHCs remained unchanged, O3 and CS2 showed a modest decrease, and DMS showed a substantial decrease. There was no evidence from lidar cross sections of ozone for the downward entrainment of stratospheric air into the eye region; these sections show that low ozone values were measured in the troposphere. The DMS data suggest substantial entrainment of boundary layer air into the system, particularly into the eye wall region. Estimates of the DMS sulphur flux between the boundary layer and the free troposphere, based on computations of velocity potential and divergent winds, gave values of about 69 μg S m−2 d−1 averaged over a 17.5° grid square encompassing the typhoon. A few hours after sampling with the DC-8, Mireille passed over Oki Island, just to the north of Japan, producing surface values of ozone of 5.5 ppbv. These O3 levels are consistent with the low tropospheric values found by lidar and are more typical of equatorial regions. We suggest that the central eye region may act like a Taylor column which has moved poleward from low latitudes. The high-altitude photochemical environment within Typhoon Mireille was found to be quite active as evidenced by significant levels of measured gas phase H2O2 and CH3OOH and model-computed levels of OH
Brane cosmology with curvature corrections
We study the cosmology of the Randall-Sundrum brane-world where the
Einstein-Hilbert action is modified by curvature correction terms: a
four-dimensional scalar curvature from induced gravity on the brane, and a
five-dimensional Gauss-Bonnet curvature term. The combined effect of these
curvature corrections to the action removes the infinite-density big bang
singularity, although the curvature can still diverge for some parameter
values. A radiation brane undergoes accelerated expansion near the minimal
scale factor, for a range of parameters. This acceleration is driven by the
geometric effects, without an inflaton field or negative pressures. At late
times, conventional cosmology is recovered.Comment: RevTex4, 8 pages, no figures, minor change
Challenges and Obstacles for a Bouncing Universe in Brane Models
A Brane evolving in the background of a charged AdS black-hole displays in
general a bouncing behaviour with a smooth transition from a contracting to an
expanding phase. We examine in detail the conditions and consequences of this
behaviour in various cases. For a cosmological-constant-dominated Brane, we
obtain a singularity-free, inflationary era which is shown to be compatible
only with an intermediate-scale fundamental Planck mass. For a
radiation-dominated Brane, the bouncing behaviour can occur only for
background-charge values exceeding those allowed for non-extremal black holes.
For a matter-dominated Brane, the black-hole mass affects the proper volume or
the expansion rate of the Brane. We also consider the Brane evolving in an
asymmetric background of two distinct charged AdS black hole spacetimes being
bounded by the Brane and find that, in the case of an empty critical Brane,
bouncing behaviour occurs only if the black-hole mass difference is smaller
than a certain value. The effects of a Brane curvature term on the bounce at
early and late times are also investigated.Comment: 23 pages, Latex file, comments and references added, version to
appear in Phys. Rev.
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