EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON SYSTEM GENERATION ENGINEERING BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE IPHONE

Industrial practice shows that products are developed in generations. Innovation success with complex technical systems can only be achieved economically by using existing solutions as references. These references come from predecessors, competitors, and even industry-external sources. The model of SGE – System Generation Engineering describes these relationships. The iPhone is often used as an example of an innovative product developed in generations. Multiple studies have examined the iPhone. However, none of these studies systematically considers the influence of the product context on references and variations. In this contribution, an evolutionary descriptive model based on the model of SGE is applied to 15 iPhone product generations. The central result is an overview of the variation shares over the generations and the relationships between context factors, reference-based variation activities, and innovation success and hypotheses for causalities. This is one of a series of case studies to investigate these causalities. The study showed how the iPhone remained successful in its context: not through a high new development share, but through strategically placed variations and the use of references from various sources

A Lewis acid-promoted Pinner reaction

Carbonitriles and alcohols react in a Lewis acid-promoted Pinner reaction to carboxylic esters. Best results are obtained with two equivalents of trimethylsilyl triflate as Lewis acid. Good yields are achieved with primary alcohols and aliphatic or benzylic carbonitriles, but the straightforward synthesis of acrylates and benzoates starting with acrylonitrile and benzonitrile, respectively, is similarly possible. Phenols are not acylated under these reaction conditions. The method has been used for the first total synthesis of the natural product monaspilosin. In the reaction of benzyl alcohols variable amounts of amides are formed in a Ritter-type side reaction

The formation of (Ni-Co-Sb)-Ag-As ore shoots in hydrothermal galena-sphalerite-fluorite veins

Unusual hydrothermal native As-sulfide ± native Ag ± arsenide ± antimonide ± sulfosalt ore shoots and their co-genetic sulfide-fluorite-barite-quartz host veins, which are common in the region and in whole Central Europe, were investigated at three localities in the Schwarzwald, SW Germany, to understand the physico-chemical processes governing the change from a normal (= common) hydrothermal to an exceptional ore shoot regime. Based on fluid inclusions, the formation of the gangue minerals is the result of binary mixing between a NaCl-rich brine and a CaCl2-rich brine (both ~ 20 wt% NaCl aq.). This mixing correlation, major and minor fluid composition, formation temperature (~ 150 °C), and δ34S signature are identical (within error) in ore shoots and host veins. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that ore shoot formation must have resulted from a change in redox conditions by a local influx of a volumetrically minor reducing agent, probably hydrocarbons. The elemental content and the mineralogy of each ore shoot locality (Ag-As-rich: Münstertal; Ag–Ni-As-rich: Urberg; Ag–Ni-As-Sb-rich: Wieden) reflect the metal content of the binary mixed fluid, while mineral textures, successions, and assemblages are thermodynamically and, regarding sulfur, kinetically controlled. The formation of vein and ore shoot sulfides requires an addition of sulfide, most probably from the sulfide-bearing host rocks, because thermodynamic and kinetic reasons suggest that the two major vein-forming and metal-bearing fluids are not the source of the sulfur. The final ore shoot textures are influenced by later hydrothermal remobilization processes of As and Ag. This results in a number of sulfosalts, mostly proustite-pyrargyrite. Interestingly, the greater thermodynamic stability of Sb-endmember sulfosalts enables them to form even in As-dominated fluid systems.Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen (1020

The formation of (Ni-Co-Sb)-Ag-As ore shoots in hydrothermal galena-sphalerite-fluorite veins

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Unusual hydrothermal native As-sulfide ± native Ag ± arsenide ± antimonide ± sulfosalt ore shoots and their co-genetic sulfide-fluorite-barite-quartz host veins, which are common in the region and in whole Central Europe, were investigated at three localities in the Schwarzwald, SW Germany, to understand the physico-chemical processes governing the change from a normal (= common) hydrothermal to an exceptional ore shoot regime. Based on fluid inclusions, the formation of the gangue minerals is the result of binary mixing between a NaCl-rich brine and a CaCl<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-rich brine (both ~ 20 wt% NaCl aq.). This mixing correlation, major and minor fluid composition, formation temperature (~ 150 °C), and δ<jats:sup>34</jats:sup>S signature are identical (within error) in ore shoots and host veins. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that ore shoot formation must have resulted from a change in redox conditions by a local influx of a volumetrically minor reducing agent, probably hydrocarbons. The elemental content and the mineralogy of each ore shoot locality (Ag-As-rich: Münstertal; Ag–Ni-As-rich: Urberg; Ag–Ni-As-Sb-rich: Wieden) reflect the metal content of the binary mixed fluid, while mineral textures, successions, and assemblages are thermodynamically and, regarding sulfur, kinetically controlled. The formation of vein and ore shoot sulfides requires an addition of sulfide, most probably from the sulfide-bearing host rocks, because thermodynamic and kinetic reasons suggest that the two major vein-forming and metal-bearing fluids are not the source of the sulfur. The final ore shoot textures are influenced by later hydrothermal remobilization processes of As and Ag. This results in a number of sulfosalts, mostly proustite-pyrargyrite. Interestingly, the greater thermodynamic stability of Sb-endmember sulfosalts enables them to form even in As-dominated fluid systems.</jats:p&gt

Formation of the Wiesloch Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in the extensional setting of the Upper Rhinegraben, SW Germany

The Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn-Pb-Ag deposit in the Wiesloch area, Southwest Germany, is controlled by graben-related faults of the Upper Rhinegraben. Mineralization occurs as vein fillings and irregular replacement ore bodies consisting of sphalerite, banded sphalerite, galena, pyrite, sulfosalts (jordanite and geocronite), barite, and calcite in the Middle Triassic carbonate host rock. Combining paragenetic information, fluid inclusion investigations, stable isotope and mineral chemistry with thermodynamic modeling, we have derived a model for the formation of the Wiesloch deposit. This model involves fluid mixing between ascending hot brines (originating in the crystalline basement) with sedimentary formation waters. The ascending brines originally had a near-neutral pH (around 6) and intermediate oxidation state, reflecting equilibrium with granites and gneisses in the basement. During fluid ascent and cooling, the pH of the brine shifted towards more acidic (around 4) and the oxidation state increased to conditions above the hematite-magnetite buffer. These chemical characteristics contrast strongly with those of the pore and fracture fluid residing in the limestone aquifer, which had a pH between 8 and 9 in equilibrium with calcite and was rather reduced due to the presence of organic matter in the limestone. Mixing between these two fluids resulted in a strong decrease in the solubility of silver-bearing sphalerite and galena, and calcite. Besides Wiesloch, several Pb-Zn deposits are known along the Upper Rhinegraben, including hydrothermal vein-type deposits like Badenweiler and the Michael mine near Lahr. They all share the same fluid origin and formation process and only differ in details of their host rock and fluid cooling paths. The mechanism of fluid mixing also seems to be responsible for the formation of other MVT deposits in Europe (e. g., Réocin, Northern Spain; Trèves, Southern France; and Cracow-Silesia, Poland), which show notable similarities in terms of their age, mineralogy. and mineral chemistry to the MVT deposit near Wiesloch.20 page(s

Hydrothermal carbonates of the schwarzwald ore district, southwestern Germany : carbon source and conditions of formation using δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, and fluid inclusions

Diagenetic carbonates, metamorphic carbonates, primary hydrothermal carbonates, and secondary remobilized carbonates (including sinters) from the Schwarzwald ore district in SW Germany formed in various tectonic settings and hydrothermal environments over a period of almost 300 Ma. They were investigated in order to define sources of carbon, dispersion of carbon during fluid-rock interaction processes and, where possible, to specify geochemical fingerprints for carbonates formed during different processes and in different geochemical and tectonic environments. For this purpose, 335 samples of calcite, ankerite, dolomite, siderite, and strontianite from 92 localities in 46 mining areas in the Schwarzwald were analyzed for their carbon and oxygen stable isotope, radiogenic strontium isotope, and trace element (including REE) concentrations and compared to analyses from all potential carbon sources available in this region. These include graphite and rare marbles of the crystalline basement, Permian calcrete from redbed sedimentary rocks (Rotliegend) overlying the crystalline basement, and Triassic carbonates from sediments of higher stratigraphic levels (Muschelkalk).Hydrothermal carbonates mostly formed due to fluid-mixing of hot ascending brines with cool sediment-sourced formation water. Fluid inclusions record temperatures of formation between 100 and 150 °C for most primary calcites. The mixed fluid from which they formed was a highly saline brine of around 25 wt.% salinity, containing NaCl and CaCl₂ in similar proportions. Before mixing, the deep brine was in equilibrium with graphite of the basement and contained, as main carbon species, H₂CO₃ of very low C-isotopic values [around -16‰, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB)], whereas the sediment-sourced formation water contained HCO₃⁻ with higher C-isotopic values (around +2‰, V-PDB).We find that graphite and Triassic carbonates in variable proportions (which are mainly related to variations during the fluid mixing process) are the carbon sources for primary calcite, dolomite of the Permian calcrete for primary ankerite, and the Triassic carbonate sediments for the primary ankerite mineralization of the area between Waldkirch and Feldberg. At some localities, remobilization and reprecipitation appears to have taken place without addition of external solutes, as Sr and C show no difference in their isotopic composition between primary and secondary carbonates. The oxygen isotopic composition of secondary carbonates is invariably more positive than that of primary ones, reflecting lower formation temperatures. One very conspicuous type of secondary calcite, which forms olive-green stubby scalenohedra, was dated for the first time using the U-Pb isochron method. Its Neogene age represents uplift and erosional denudation of the Schwarzwald and corresponds well with its remobilized C and O isotope signature. The carbonates in the Schwarzwald hence reflect discontinuous addition of carbon from surface sediments to the crystalline basement through time involving fluid-rock interaction and fluid mixing processes.34 page(s

Effects on posture by different neuromuscular afferent stimulations and proprioceptive insoles: Rasterstereographic evaluation

Background: Proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles are increasingly applied in treating functional complaints, chronic pain, foot disorders and so on. Objectives: To evaluate rasterstereography as a tool in objectifying postural changes resulting from neuromuscular afferent stimulation and proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles and to compare the respective effects on posture. Study design: This is a prospective experimental study. Methods: A total of 27 healthy volunteers were consecutively exposed to six different varying intense neuromuscular afferent stimulating test conditions at three different times. One test condition featured proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles. In each test condition, a sequence of 12 rasterstereographic recordings of back shape was documented. Changes between six different test conditions and over time for 14 posture characterising parameters were investigated, for example, trunk inclination, pelvic torsion, lateral deviation of the spine’s amplitude or sagittal spinal curve. Results: Standard deviation of our rasterstereographic measurements (±2.67 mm) was better than in most comparable reference values. Different neuromuscular stimuli were found to provoke significant changes to various posture parameters, including trunk inclination, pelvic torsion and so on ( each p < 0.001, F-tests). Proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles induced significant changes for parameter lateral deviation of the spine’s amplitude (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Neuromuscular afferent stimulation and proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles induce postural changes, which can be detected reliably by rasterstereography. Clinical relevance We demonstrated that rasterstereography – a radiation-free imaging modality – enables visualisation and documentation of subtle postural changes induced by varying intense neuromuscular afferent stimulation and the application of proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulating insoles

Acid-Catalyzed Transacetalization from Glycol to Pinacol Acetals

<div><p></p><p>A one-pot transacetalization of glycol acetals, frequently used as protecting groups of the aldehyde function, into the more stable pinacol acetals is given. A clean transformation of aromatic and aliphatic substrates is possible with trifluoroacetic acid within 30 min at 0 °C. Glycol acetals derived from ketones (ketals) cannot be converted with this protocol. Deprotection of the pinacol acetals is possible with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in the presence of water.</p> </div