Rural Communities in Transition and Sustainable Regional Development

Mining and farming have been important industries to the Australian economy since colonial times but the industries have generally operated in separate regions with limited overlaps. Over the last decade mining activity has surpassed agriculture in both return on investment and contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) and farming has continued to lose its share of economic contribution. To date, most mining activity has been in remote and regional areas of Australia where the deposits are richest, but sophisticated extractive processes and high returns are now making deposits viable which hither to have been considered marginal, many of which are in communities where farming has been the main industry. This paper will consider case study sites where mining is increasingly encroaching on what has been traditionally productive farming land. For some communities, mining is welcomed as an important off-farm income, for others, mining is viewed as an environmental and social threat to the agricultural industry. The stresses and strains as well as the opportunities presented by transitional rural economies will be considered

"There is no place for sluggards in this game": mobile interactive technologies in teaching Russian as a foreignand native language

Статья посвящена презентации проекта "Лапта: мобильные интерактивные игры с русским образовательным содержанием", выполненного в рамках реализации отдельных мероприятий государственной программы Российской Федерации "Развитие образования"

The implications of brexit for UK agriculture

A multi-authored briefing paper prepared for the Yorkshire Agricultural Society/The Farmer Scientist Network to inform the debate on the EU referendum in relation to agriculture

Les grands singes et le FSC: Mise en oeuvre de pratiques d’exploitation favorables aux grands singes dans les concessions forestières en Afrique centrale

La survie des grands singes est de plus en plus incertaine en Afrique. Plusieurs facteurs comme la chasse, la disparition des milieux naturels et les maladies infectieuses se conjuguent et entrainent une diminution spectaculaire des populations. Ce déclin se poursuit alors que les grands singes africains sont des espèces de préoccupation internationale pour la conservation et que des efforts concertés ont porté depuis les années 1980 sur la création de réseaux d'aires protégées, l'élaboration de plans d'action pour la conservation et l'établissement d'accords politiques. Selon les prévisions, les tendances actuelles se poursuivront en l'absence de mesures immédiates et majeures d'atténuation des menaces. La disparition d'une espèce de grands singes, quelle qu'elle soit, serait une immense perte en termes de biodiversité africaine, de rôle écologique et de notre patrimoine commun d'évolution

Pan troglodytes ssp. troglodytes (errata version published in 2016)

Assessment Information: Pan troglodytes troglodytes has a very large geographic range (over 700,000 km2) and a relatively large population size, currently estimated at about 140,000 individuals (Strindberget al. in prep). However, this subspecies has experienced a significant population reduction since the 1970s. Between 1983 and 2000, the country of Gabon lost half its great ape population to poaching and disease, at an annual rate of decline 4% (calculated from Walsh et al. 2003). A more recent study examined nest survey data collected between 2003 and 2013 across the entire range of the taxon and created a predictive model to map Central Chimpanzee density and distribution (Strindberget al. in prep). Although the results show no statistically significant decline during those 10 years,Central Chimpanzee populations remain highly vulnerable to poaching and disease. Due to their slow life history and a generation time estimated to be 25 years, Chimpanzee populations cannot sustain high mortality levels, whether disease-induced or caused by humans. Given the scale of the poaching problem across Central Africa, this taxon is likely to be experiencing declines significant in terms of the population status, which we do not have the statistical power to detect. It is suspected that this reduction will continue for the next 30 to 40 years due to illegal hunting and expansion of the commercial bushmeat trade, and to habitat loss and degradation occurring at an increasing rate as a result of expanding human activities. The causes of the reduction, although largely understood, have certainly not ceased and are not easily reversible. The predicted continuation of the population decline is a precautionary approach based on the rapidly-increasing human population density in the region, and the expansion of land clearing for industrial-scale agricultural plantations, which requires the clearcutting of forest and is likely to accelerate in the next two to three decades. The effects of climate change will also become increasingly evident. At the same time, the threat of emerging infectious diseases is ongoing; there is, for example, evidence that Ebolavirus will continue to spread (Walshet al. 2005), which would have devastating consequences for Central African great ape populations. At a conservative rate of loss of 1% each year, the population reduction over three generations (75 years) from 1975-2050 is likely to exceed 50%, hence qualifying Central Chimpanzees as Endangered under criterion A

Great apes and FSC: Implementing 'ape friendly' practices in Central Africa's logging concessions

First paragraph: The long-term survival of Africa's great apes has become increasingly uncertain. Dramatic declines in their population numbers have resulted from a combination of factors, including hunting, habitat loss and infectious disease. Although African apes are species of international concern, and despite concerted efforts since the 1980s to create protected area networks, develop conservation action plans and establish policy agreements, their populations continue to decrease. Future projections indicate that this trend will continue unless significant measures to reduce existing threats are taken immediately. The permanent disappearance of any ape species from the wild would be a huge loss to African biodiversity, to the important ecological function they play, and to our shared evolutionary heritage.  Also available at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/1037

A comparative study of the effects of four treatment regimes on ivermectin efficacy, body weight and pasture contamination in lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in Scotland

AbstractRefugia-based drenching regimes have been widely recommended to slow development of anthelmintic resistance but there are few comparisons between different treatment approaches in the UK. The impact of four ivermectin treatment regimes on drug efficacy, lamb body weight and nematode contamination during a 154 day grazing season were evaluated in a consecutive five year field study. Regimes were whole-flock treatment every 4weeks (NST), targeted selective treatment (TST) based on individual performance, strategic whole-flock treatments at pre-determined times (SPT) or whole-flock treatment when clinical signs were apparent (MT). Mean numbers of ivermectin drenches administered per season were 4.0, 1.8, 2.0 and 1.4 for NST, TST, SPT and MT groups, respectively. The mean anthelmintic efficacy (AE) for each treatment group was based on faecal egg count reduction post-treatment employing a bootstrap sampling based algorithm. Mean AE was 95–98% for all groups in 2006 and mean AE (95% confidence limits) for NST declined to 62% (55%, 68%) in 2010. In comparison, AE for TST, SPT and MT in 2010 were 86% (81%, 92%), 86% (83%, 90%) and 83% (78%, 88%), respectively. Body weight in TST and SPT was similar to NST in all years (p>0.05), however MT lambs were lighter than NST in 2006–2008 (p⩽0.04). Tracer lamb worm burdens was lowest in NST but was not significantly different between other groups. Overall, both the TST and SPT regimes appeared to maintain animal performance and conserve anthelmintic efficacy compared with a neo-suppressive anthelmintic treatment regime

Life expectancy after 2015 of adults with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies

BACKGROUND: The life expectancy of people with HIV taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased substantially over the past 25 years. Most previous studies of life expectancy were based on data from the first few years after starting ART, when mortality is highest. However, many people with HIV have been successfully treated with ART for many years, and up-to-date prognosis data are needed. We aimed to estimate life expectancy in adults with HIV on ART for at least 1 year in Europe and North America from 2015 onwards. METHODS: We used data for people with HIV taking ART from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration and the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort Study. Included participants started ART between 1996 and 2014 and had been on ART for at least 1 year by 2015, or started ART between 2015 and 2019 and survived for at least 1 year; all participants were aged at least 16 years at ART initiation. We used Poisson models to estimate the associations between mortality and demographic and clinical characteristics, including CD4 cell count at the start of follow-up. We also estimated the remaining years of life left for people with HIV aged 40 years who were taking ART, and stratified these estimates by variables associated with mortality. These estimates were compared with estimates for years of life remaining in a corresponding multi-country general population. FINDINGS: Among 206 891 people with HIV included, 5780 deaths were recorded since 2015. We estimated that women with HIV at age 40 years had 35·8 years (95% CI 35·2-36·4) of life left if they started ART before 2015, and 39·0 years (38·5-39·5) left if they started ART after 2015. For men with HIV, the corresponding estimates were 34·5 years (33·8-35·2) and 37·0 (36·5-37·6). Women with CD4 counts of fewer than 49 cells per μL at the start of follow-up had an estimated 19·4 years (18·2-20·5) of life left at age 40 years if they started ART before 2015 and 24·9 years (23·9-25·9) left if they started ART after 2015. The corresponding estimates for men were 18·2 years (17·1-19·4) and 23·7 years (22·7-24·8). Women with CD4 counts of at least 500 cells per μL at the start of follow-up had an estimated 40·2 years (39·7-40·6) of life left at age 40 years if they started ART before 2015 and 42·0 years (41·7-42·3) left if they started ART after 2015. The corresponding estimates for men were 38·0 years (37·5-38·5) and 39·2 years (38·7-39·7). INTERPRETATION: For people with HIV on ART and with high CD4 cell counts who survived to 2015 or started ART after 2015, life expectancy was only a few years lower than that in the general population, irrespective of when ART was started. However, for people with low CD4 counts at the start of follow-up, life-expectancy estimates were substantially lower, emphasising the continuing importance of early diagnosis and sustained treatment of HIV. FUNDING: US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and UK Medical Research Council

Development and evaluation of a collaborative care intervention for male prison leavers with mental health problems: the Engager research programme

BackgroundMany male prison leavers have significant mental health problems. Prison leavers often have a history of trauma, ongoing substance misuse and housing insecurity. Only a minority of prison leavers receive mental health care on release from prison.ObjectivesThe aim of the Engager research programme was to develop and evaluate a theory- and evidence-informed complex intervention designed to support individuals with common mental health problems (e.g. anxiety, depression) and other complex needs, including mental health comorbidity, before and after release from prison.MethodsIn phase 1, the intervention was developed through a set of realist-informed substudies, including a realist review of psychosocial care for individuals with complex needs, case studies within services demonstrating promising intervention features, focus groups with individuals from under-represented groups, a rapid realist review of the intervention implementation literature and a formative process evaluation of the prototype intervention. In a parallel randomised trial, methodological development included selecting outcome measures through reviewing literature, piloting measures and a consensus process, developing ways to quantify intervention receipt, piloting trial procedures and modelling economic outcomes. In phase 2, we conducted an individually randomised superiority trial of the Engager intervention, cost-effectiveness and cost–consequence analyses and an in-depth mixed-methods process evaluation. Patient and public involvement influenced the programme throughout, primarily through a Peer Researcher Group.ResultsIn phase 1, the Engager intervention included multiple components. A practitioner offered participants practical support, emotional help (including mentalisation-based approaches) and liaison with other services in prison on the day of the participant’s release and for 3–5 months post release. An intervention delivery platform (i.e. training, manual, supervision) supported implementation. Outcome measures were selected through testing and stakeholder consensus to represent a broad range of domains, with a general mental health outcome as the primary measure for the trial. Procedures for recruitment and follow-up were tested and included flexible approaches to engagement and retention. In phase 2, the trial was conducted in three prison settings, with 280 participants randomised in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive either Engager plus usual care (n = 140) or usual care only (n = 140). We achieved a follow-up rate of 65% at 6 months post release from prison. We found no difference between the two groups for the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure at 6 months. No differences in secondary measures and sensitivity analyses were found beyond those expected by chance. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that Engager cost significantly more at £2133 (95% of iterations between £997 and £3374) with no difference in quality-adjusted life-years (–0.017, 95% of iterations between –0.042 and 0.007). The mixed-methods process evaluation demonstrated implementation barriers. These barriers included problems with retention of the intervention team, and the adverse health and criminal justice system context. Seventy-seven per cent (108/140) of individuals had at least one community contact. Significant proportions of participants engaging received day release work and practical support. In contrast, there was evidence that the psychological components, mentalisation and developing a shared understanding were used less consistently. When engagement was positive, these components were associated with positive achievement of goals for individuals. We were also able to identify how to improve the intervention programme theory, including how to support individuals who were unrealistic in their perception of their ability to cope with challenges post release.Strengths and limitationsOur development work provides a worked example of the development of a complex intervention, particularly given little prior evidence or theory specific to male offenders to build on. Our trial methodological development enabled the completion of, to the best of our knowledge, the first fully powered trial of a mental health intervention for prison leavers with common mental health problems. There were potential weaknesses in the trial methodology in terms of follow-up rates and outcome measures, with the latter potentially being insufficiently sensitive to important but highly individual changes in participants who responded to the intervention.ConclusionsDelivering a randomised controlled trial for prison leavers with acceptable levels of follow-up is possible, despite adverse conditions. Full intervention implementation was challenging, but this is to be expected. Some individuals did respond well to the intervention when both practical and psychological support were flexibly deployed as intended, with evidence that most components were experienced as helpful for some individuals. It is recommended that several key components be developed further and tested, along with improved training and supervision, to support delivery of the Engager intervention within existing teams working with prison leavers