RETAIL DEMAND FOR WHOLE VS. LOW-FAT MILK: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON LOSS LEADER PRICING

This analysis employed retail scanner data to investigate the demand for fluid mild differentiated by fat content. All own-price elasticities were significant and negative. Demand for low-fat milk was elastic, while demand for whole milk was inelastic. This article addresses the use of milk as a loss leader.Demand and Price Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Protocol for a qualitative study exploring perspectives on the INternational CLassification of Diseases (11th revision); Using lived experience to improve mental health Diagnosis in NHS England: INCLUDE study

Introduction: Developed in dialogue with WHO, this research aims to incorporate lived experience and views in the refinement of the International Classification of Diseases Mental and Behavioural Disorders 11th Revision (ICD-11). The validity and clinical utility of psychiatric diagnostic systems has been questioned by both service users and clinicians, as not all aspects reflect their lived experience or are user friendly. This is critical as evidence suggests that diagnosis can impact service user experience, identity, service use and outcomes. Feedback and recommendations from service users and clinicians should help minimise the potential for unintended negative consequences and improve the accuracy, validity and clinical utility of the ICD-11. Methods and analysis: The name INCLUDE reflects the value of expertise by experience as all aspects of the proposed study are co-produced. Feedback on the planned criteria for the ICD-11 will be sought through focus groups with service users and clinicians. The data from these groups will be coded and inductively analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Findings from this will be used to form the basis of co-produced recommendations for the ICD-11. Two service user focus groups will be conducted for each of these diagnoses: Personality Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Schizophrenia, Depressive Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder. There will be four focus groups with clinicians (psychiatrists, general practitioners and clinical psychologists). Ethics and dissemination: This study has received ethical approval from the Coventry and Warwickshire HRA Research Ethics Committee (16/WM/0479). The output for the project will be recommendations that reflect the views and experiences of experts by experience (service users and clinicians). The findings will be disseminated via conferences and peer-reviewed publications. As the ICD is an international tool, the aim is for the methodology to be internationally disseminated for replication by other groups

A Presentation Guide to: The U.S. Food Industry

E.B. 98-05Frequently individuals and organizations have need of information describing the contemporary U.S. food system for presentation at various company meetings or industry conferences. The purpose of this bulletin is to provide materials and data relevant to today’s food industry in a form that can be readily used by others to create presentations of their own. The bulletin provides over 40 figures and tables often used to describe and summarize the important trends and challenges facing the food industry. Part I presents brief statements to assist with the interpretation of the information presented in each accompanying figure/table and to help guide the presenter through the information. Part II reproduces each of the figures and tables from Part I, but enlarged on seperate paper suitable for convenient conversion into overhead transparancies

Effect of Six Weeks of Oral \u3ci\u3eEchinacea purpurea\u3c/i\u3e Supplementation On Nitric Oxide Production

Echinacea purpurea, a purple coneflower plant of the compositae family (Asteraceae), is native to North America and commonly used as an herbal supplement to enhance immune function. Echinacea purpurea has been shown to stimulate macrophage activity which is a known stimulator of nitric oxide (NO) production. Echinacea purpurea supplementation (8,000 mg·d-1) in untrained (42.5 ± 1.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) males was shown to elicit a 63% increase (p \u3c 0.05) in serum erythropoietin (EPO) following two weeks of supplementation. This is supported in part by earlier findings which indicated that four weeks of Echinacea purpurea supplementation demonstrated a non-significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). It is plausible that Echinacea-induced EPO production may stimulate physiological responses independent of and/or in addition to erythropoiesis. There is also evidence suggesting EPO has vasculo-protective effects including the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Based on these findings, a proposed non-hematological response to the Echinacea-induced increase in EPO could be enhanced NO production. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether six weeks of oral Echinacea purpurea supplementation augmented NO production as a result of an Echinacea-induced increase in EPO and/or Echinacea-induced macrophage activity

Radiation belt electron acceleration by chorus waves during the 17 March 2013 storm

Abstract Local acceleration driven by whistler-mode chorus waves is fundamentally important for accelerating seed electron populations to highly relativistic energies in the outer radiation belt. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate chorus-driven electron acceleration during the 17 March 2013 storm, when the Van Allen Probes observed very rapid electron acceleration up to several MeV within ~12 hours. A clear radial peak in electron phase space density (PSD) observed near L* ~4 indicates that an internal local acceleration process was operating. We construct the global distribution of chorus wave intensity from the low-altitude electron measurements made by multiple Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) satellites over a broad region, which is ultimately used to simulate the radiation belt electron dynamics driven by chorus waves. Our simulation results show remarkable agreement in magnitude, timing, energy dependence, and pitch angle distribution with the observed electron PSD near its peak location. However, radial diffusion and other loss processes may be required to explain the differences between the observation and simulation at other locations away from the PSD peak. Our simulation results, together with previous studies, suggest that local acceleration by chorus waves is a robust and ubiquitous process and plays a critical role in accelerating injected seed electrons with convective energies (~100 keV) to highly relativistic energies (several MeV)

Reactivity of a dititanium bis(pentalene) complex toward heteroallenes and main-group element–element bonds

The reactivity of the Ti═Ti double bond in (μ,η5:η5-Pn†)2Ti2 (1; Pn† = 1,4-{SiiPr3}2C8H4) toward isocyanide and heteroallene substrates, and molecules featuring homonuclear bonds between main-group elements (E–E) has been explored. Reaction of 1 with methyl isocyanide or 1,3-N,N′-di-p-tolylcarbodiimide resulted in the formation of the 1:1 adducts (μ,η5:η5-Pn†)2Ti2(μ,η2-CNMe) (2) and (μ,η5:η5-Pn†)2Ti2(μ-C{N(4-C6H4CH3)}2) (3), respectively, which are thermally stable up to 100 °C in contrast to the analogous adducts formed with CO and CO2. Reaction of 1 with phenyl isocyanate afforded a paramagnetic complex, [(η8-Pn†)Ti]2(μ,κ2:κ2-O2CNPh) (4), in which the “double-sandwich” architecture of 1 has been broken and an unusual phenyl-carbonimidate ligand bridges two formally Ti(III) centers. Reaction of 1 with diphenyl dichalcogenides, Ph2E2 (E = S, Se, Te), led to the series of Ti–Ti single-bonded complexes (μ,η5:η5-Pn†)2[Ti(EPh)]2 (E = S (5), Se (6), Te (7)), which can be considered the result of a 2e– redox reaction or a 1,2-addition across the Ti═Ti bond. Treatment of 1 with azobenzene or phenyl azide afforded [(η8-Pn†)Ti]2(μ-NPh)2 (8), a bridging imido complex in which the pentalene ligands bind in an η8 fashion to each formally Ti(IV) center, as the result of a 4e– redox reaction driven by the oxidative cleavage of the Ti═Ti double bond. The new complexes 2–8 were extensively characterized by various techniques including multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the experimental work was complemented by density functional theory (DFT) studies

Unsupervised Bayesian linear unmixing of gene expression microarrays

Background: This paper introduces a new constrained model and the corresponding algorithm, called unsupervised Bayesian linear unmixing (uBLU), to identify biological signatures from high dimensional assays like gene expression microarrays. The basis for uBLU is a Bayesian model for the data samples which are represented as an additive mixture of random positive gene signatures, called factors, with random positive mixing coefficients, called factor scores, that specify the relative contribution of each signature to a specific sample. The particularity of the proposed method is that uBLU constrains the factor loadings to be non-negative and the factor scores to be probability distributions over the factors. Furthermore, it also provides estimates of the number of factors. A Gibbs sampling strategy is adopted here to generate random samples according to the posterior distribution of the factors, factor scores, and number of factors. These samples are then used to estimate all the unknown parameters. Results: Firstly, the proposed uBLU method is applied to several simulated datasets with known ground truth and compared with previous factor decomposition methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), non negative matrix factorization (NMF), Bayesian factor regression modeling (BFRM), and the gradient-based algorithm for general matrix factorization (GB-GMF). Secondly, we illustrate the application of uBLU on a real time-evolving gene expression dataset from a recent viral challenge study in which individuals have been inoculated with influenza A/H3N2/Wisconsin. We show that the uBLU method significantly outperforms the other methods on the simulated and real data sets considered here. Conclusions: The results obtained on synthetic and real data illustrate the accuracy of the proposed uBLU method when compared to other factor decomposition methods from the literature (PCA, NMF, BFRM, and GB-GMF). The uBLU method identifies an inflammatory component closely associated with clinical symptom scores collected during the study. Using a constrained model allows recovery of all the inflammatory genes in a single factor

An Old Disk Still Capable of Forming a Planetary System

From the masses of the planets orbiting the Sun, and the abundance of elements relative to hydrogen, it is estimated that when the Solar System formed, the circumstellar disk must have had a minimum mass of around 0.01 solar masses within about 100 astronomical units of the star. (One astronomical unit is the Earth–Sun distance.) The main constituent of the disk, gaseous molecular hydrogen, does not efficiently emit radiation from the disk mass reservoir, and so the most common measure of the disk mass is dust thermal emission and lines of gaseous carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide emission generally indicates properties of the disk surface, and the conversion from dust emission to gas mass requires knowledge of the grain properties and the gas-to-dust mass ratio, which probably differ from their interstellar values. As a result, mass estimates vary by orders of magnitude, as exemplified by the relatively old (3–10 million years) star TW Hydrae, for which the range is 0.0005–0.06 solar masses. Here we report the detection of the fundamental rotational transition of hydrogen deuteride from the direction of TW Hydrae. Hydrogen deuteride is a good tracer of disk gas because it follows the distribution of molecular hydrogen and its emission is sensitive to the total mass. The detection of hydrogen deuteride, combined with existing observations and detailed models, implies a disk mass of more than 0.05 solar masses, which is enough to form a planetary system like our own.Astronom

Activity-dependent Golgi satellite formation in dendrites reshapes the neuronal surface glycoproteome

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Govind, A. P., Jeyifous, O., Russell, T. A., Yi, Z., Weigel, A., Ramaprasad, A., Newell, L., Ramos, W., Valbuena, F. M., Casler, J. C., Yan, J.-Z., Glick, B. S., Swanson, G. T., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., & Green, W. N. Activity-dependent Golgi satellite formation in dendrites reshapes the neuronal surface glycoproteome. Elife, 10, (2021): e68910, https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.68910.Activity-driven changes in the neuronal surface glycoproteome are known to occur with synapse formation, plasticity, and related diseases, but their mechanistic basis and significance are unclear. Here, we observed that N-glycans on surface glycoproteins of dendrites shift from immature to mature forms containing sialic acid in response to increased neuronal activation. In exploring the basis of these N-glycosylation alterations, we discovered that they result from the growth and proliferation of Golgi satellites scattered throughout the dendrite. Golgi satellites that formed during neuronal excitation were in close association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites and early endosomes and contained glycosylation machinery without the Golgi structural protein, GM130. They functioned as distal glycosylation stations in dendrites, terminally modifying sugars either on newly synthesized glycoproteins passing through the secretory pathway or on surface glycoproteins taken up from the endocytic pathway. These activities led to major changes in the dendritic surface of excited neurons, impacting binding and uptake of lectins, as well as causing functional changes in neurotransmitter receptors such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neural activity thus boosts the activity of the dendrite’s satellite micro-secretory system by redistributing Golgi enzymes involved in glycan modifications into peripheral Golgi satellites. This remodeling of the neuronal surface has potential significance for synaptic plasticity, addiction, and disease.This work was financially supported by NIH RO1 DA035430, DA044760, and DA043361 (WNG) R01 GM104010 (BSG), T32 GM007183 (FV), and Peter F McManus Foundation (WNG)

The reductive activation of CO2 across a Ti═Ti double bond: synthetic, structural, and mechanistic studies

[Image: see text] The reactivity of the bis(pentalene)dititanium double-sandwich compound Ti(2)Pn(†)(2) (1) (Pn(†) = 1,4-{Si(i)Pr(3)}(2)C(8)H(4)) with CO(2) is investigated in detail using spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, and computational studies. When the CO(2) reaction is performed at −78 °C, the 1:1 adduct 4 is formed, and low-temperature spectroscopic measurements are consistent with a CO(2) molecule bound symmetrically to the two Ti centers in a μ:η(2),η(2) binding mode, a structure also indicated by theory. Upon warming to room temperature the coordinated CO(2) is quantitatively reduced over a period of minutes to give the bis(oxo)-bridged dimer 2 and the dicarbonyl complex 3. In situ NMR studies indicated that this decomposition proceeds in a stepwise process via monooxo (5) and monocarbonyl (7) double-sandwich complexes, which have been independently synthesized and structurally characterized. 5 is thermally unstable with respect to a μ-O dimer in which the Ti–Ti bond has been cleaved and one pentalene ligand binds in an η(8) fashion to each of the formally Ti(III) centers. The molecular structure of 7 shows a “side-on” bound carbonyl ligand. Bonding of the double-sandwich species Ti(2)Pn(2) (Pn = C(8)H(6)) to other fragments has been investigated by density functional theory calculations and fragment analysis, providing insight into the CO(2) reaction pathway consistent with the experimentally observed intermediates. A key step in the proposed mechanism is disproportionation of a mono(oxo) di-Ti(III) species to yield di-Ti(II) and di-Ti(IV) products. 1 forms a structurally characterized, thermally stable CS(2) adduct 8 that shows symmetrical binding to the Ti(2) unit and supports the formulation of 4. The reaction of 1 with COS forms a thermally unstable complex 9 that undergoes scission to give mono(μ-S) mono(CO) species 10. Ph(3)PS is an effective sulfur transfer agent for 1, enabling the synthesis of mono(μ-S) complex 11 with a double-sandwich structure and bis(μ-S) dimer 12 in which the Ti–Ti bond has been cleaved