Constitutional Law - First Amendment - Freedom of Speech - Content-Based Restrictions

Son of Sam Laws - A content-based financially burdensome speech restriction that is not narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling state interest is inconsistent with the First Amendment. Simon & Schuster, Inc. v Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board; et al., ___ US ___, 112 S Ct 501, (1991)

Dopamine receptor signaling molecules are altered in elderly schizophrenic cortex

Alterations of molecules that mediate dopaminergic signal transduction have been found in schizophrenia, supporting the hypothesis of altered dopaminergic neurotransmission in this illness. To further explore this hypothesis, the authors measured transcript expression of three proteins involved in dopamine (DA) signaling in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of elderly schizophrenic subjects and a comparison group. The transcript encoding calcyon, a protein that potentiates crosstalk between D1 DA receptors and G q/11 -linked receptors, was increased in schizophrenic prefrontal and cingulate cortex by 25%. Transcript levels of spinophilin, a protein enriched in dendritic spines that modulates excitatory neurotransmission, were increased 22% in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but were unchanged in anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Levels of DARPP-32 mRNA, a downstream effector of dopaminergic neurotransmission, were similar in both groups for both cortical groups. These alterations in spinophilin and calcyon mRNA levels in schizophrenic prefrontal and cingulate cortex provide further evidence of altered dopaminergic neurotransmission in this illness. Synapse 60:271–279, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55792/1/20292_ftp.pd

Synapsin II Is Involved in the Molecular Pathway of Lithium Treatment in Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition with a prevalence of 1–2% in the general population that is characterized by severe episodic shifts in mood ranging from depressive to manic episodes. One of the most common treatments is lithium (Li), with successful response in 30–60% of patients. Synapsin II (SYN2) is a neuronal phosphoprotein that we have previously identified as a possible candidate gene for the etiology of BD and/or response to Li treatment in a genome-wide linkage study focusing on BD patients characterized for excellent response to Li prophylaxis. In the present study we investigated the role of this gene in BD, particularly as it pertains to Li treatment. We investigated the effect of lithium treatment on the expression of SYN2 in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients characterized as excellent Li-responders, non-responders, as well as non-psychiatric controls. Finally, we sought to determine if Li has a cell-type-specific effect on gene expression in neuronal-derived cell lines. In both in vitro models, we found SYN2 to be modulated by the presence of Li. By focusing on Li-responsive BD we have identified a potential mechanism for Li response in some patients

Sinopsis Psikiatri Jilid 1

877 HL

Sinopsis Psikiatri Jilid 2

952 hlm .; 26 c

Sinopsis psikiatri:ilmu penetahuan perilaku psikiatri klinis jilid 1

Synopsis of pyschiatry edisi ketujuh adalah salah satu buku teks pertama yang mengguanakan DSM-iv-sepenuhnya bersadarkan pada terminologi yang baru dan memasukan kriteria diagnostik DSM-iv untuk semua gangguan mental.xiv,858 hlm.: ilus.; 26 c