Global reorganization of deep-sea circulation and carbon storage after the last ice age

Funding information: This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (OCE-2015647 and OCE-2032340 to PAR; OCE- 2032343 to MPH); NERC grant NE/N011716/1 to JWBR and NERC grant NE/M004619/1 to AB.Using new and published marine fossil radiocarbon (14C/C) measurements, a tracer uniquely sensitive to circulation and air-sea gas exchange, we establish several benchmarks for Atlantic, Southern, and Pacific deep-sea circulation and ventilation since the last ice age. We find the most 14C-depleted water in glacial Pacific bottom depths, rather than the mid-depths as they are today, which is best explained by a slowdown in glacial deep-sea overturning in addition to a “flipped” glacial Pacific overturning configuration. These observations cannot be produced by changes in air-sea gas exchange alone, and they underscore the major role for changes in the overturning circulation for glacial deep-sea carbon storage in the vast Pacific abyss and the concomitant drawdown of atmospheric CO2.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The role of professional networks in radiology services El papel de las redes de profesionales en los servicios de radiología

Recent developments in public health policy have highlighted the central role of the clinical work force in the success of policy implementation, and thus the need for effective human resource policies. Given the high level of professionalism in health services, a number of special issues arise, including the organizational structures that best support professional work. Experiences from global industries that rely on a highly expert work force show that hierarchical control structures need to be supplemented by a variety of networks. Networks are complex structures that are very different from normal hierarchies, and they need to be effectively understood. While they usually develop spontaneously, they are often not optimally structured, adequately supported, or effectively exploited by health service organizations. It is important to understand the nature of networks and how they can be promoted in order to ensure that clinicians are appropriately supported in providing and enhancing services.<br>Algunos acontecimientos recientes en el ámbito de las políticas sanitarias han puesto de relieve el papel fundamental que desempeña el personal clínico en la ejecución de dichas políticas. Es importante, por lo tanto, que las políticas de recursos humanos sean eficaces. En los servicios de salud el personal suele ser de nivel profesional en su mayor parte y, como resultado, hay varias cuestiones que es preciso examinar, entre ellas qué estructuras organizacionales conducen a un mejor desempeño profesional. Según la experiencia acumulada por industrias multinacionales con una fuerza de trabajo muy experta, las estructuras basadas en un control jerárquico tienen que suplementarse con una serie de redes de profesionales. Es preciso entender a cabalidad estas últimas, que son estructuras complejas y muy distintas de las jerarquías ordinarias. Aunque por lo general estas redes se forman espontáneamente, a menudo ni tienen una estructura óptima ni cuentan con un apoyo adecuado, a lo cual se suma que las organizaciones sanitarias raras veces saben aprovecharlas. Es importante conocer la naturaleza de las redes y saber fomentarlas a fin de conseguir que el personal clínico profesional reciba el apoyo necesario para prestar bien sus servicios y poder mejorarlos

Strategic constraints in health informatics : are expectations realistic?

In response to demands to enhance the efficiency and accountability of health systems, a range of different information technologies are being promoted. These technologies include integrated hospital systems, community health information networks and data repositories. However, the record of such technologies inside and outside the health industry suggest that such technologies cannot necessarily be relied on. The reason identified is that information systems are inherently logical and rational systems, and often come into conflict with the less rational social systems of organizations. Health information is identified in terms of three basic dimensions of information; that associated with managers; with professionals; and, with patients. The information of these dimensions are focused on very different objectives, have different structures and functions and are controlled by very different social processes. The information is also very complex and diverse within the dimensions. In the clinical encounter the clinician draws on specialist expertise, satisfies administrative requirements, and provides a clinical record. Thus, these dimensions converge at that point. However, collecting information is costly, and an efficient service demands economy in data collection. However, the technologies being promoted demand 'complete' data acquisition based on consistent and stable data definitions and data structures. The article argues that there is, thus, a conflict between the requirements of these technologies, and the realities of providing efficient services within a changing organizational, professional and social environment.11 page(s