Interaktion - Wissen - Sprache: Bemerkungen zum Datenbegriff und zur Datenkonstitution in der sprachsoziologischen Forschung

In dem Beitrag geht es um Spannungen in Bezug auf das Datenverständnis zwischen Soziologen, die sprachliche Phänomene untersuchen, und Linguisten, die soziologische Problemstellungen berücksichtigen. Es werden zwei miteinander unverträgliche Theoriestellungen aufgenommen, die zur Klärung der Differenz weiterhelfen sollen: (1) Theoriebildendes Interesse ist darauf gerichtet, eine integrierte und integrierende Theorie sprachlichen und nicht-sprachlichen Handelns zu entwickeln, die einen Verbund des Bereichs Interaktion - Wissen - Sprache schafft. (2) Soziologische Theoriebildung steht in einem prinzipiell offenen Spannungsverhältnis zu ihrem empirischen Forschungsbestand von Interaktion - Wissen - Sprache, dessen Handlungsstrukturen weder durch die Teleologie eines Systems oder einer Theorie, noch durch ein Telos des historischen Prozesses eingebunden werden darf. Auf der Grundlage einer These von Alfred Schütz, die die Grenze handlungsoziologischer Forschung definiert, erfolgt der Einstieg, um das allgemeine Verständnis sprachsoziologischer Daten zu diskutieren: Sowohl als Forschungsdaten der empirischen Forschung, wie auch als Gegenstand der öffentlichen, wissenschaftspolitischen Datendiskussion. Nach einer Vorklärung des Datenbegriffs werden fünf Formationsstufen der Datengenese unterschieden. Anschließend werden der in der öffentlich-wissenschaftspolitischen Datendiskussion ausgehandelte Begriff der rechtlich zulässigen Daten und ihr Schutz, insbesondere aber der Begriff der personenbezogenen Daten erörtert. Die Überlegungen kommen zu dem Ergebnis, daß der Begriff der personenbezogenen Daten wissenschaftlich bisher unbegründet und soziologisch unbegründbar ist. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung der Überlegungen für den Forschungszusammenhang von Interation - Wissen - Sprache in vier Punkten zusammengefaßt. (RW

Porosity and permeability determination of organic-rich Posidonia shales based on 3-D analyses by FIB-SEM microscopy

The goal of this study is to better understand the porosity and permeability in shales to improve modelling fluid and gas flow related to shale diagenesis. Two samples (WIC and HAD) were investigated, both mid-Jurassic organic-rich Posidonia shales from Hils area, central Germany of different maturity (WIC R0 0.53 % and HAD R0 1.45 %). The method for image collection was focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For image and data analysis Avizo and GeoDict was used. Porosity was calculated from segmented 3-D FIB based images and permeability was simulated by a Navier Stokes–Brinkman solver in the segmented images. Results show that the quantity and distribution of pore clusters and pores (≥  40 nm) are similar. The largest pores are located within carbonates and clay minerals, whereas the smallest pores are within the matured organic matter. Orientation of the pores calculated as pore paths showed minor directional differences between the samples. Both samples have no continuous connectivity of pore clusters along the axes in the x, y, and z direction on the scale of 10 to 20 of micrometer, but do show connectivity on the micrometer scale. The volume of organic matter in the studied volume is representative of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the samples. Organic matter does show axis connectivity in the x, y, and z directions. With increasing maturity the porosity in organic matter increases from close to 0 to more than 5 %. These pores are small and in the large organic particles have little connection to the mineral matrix. Continuous pore size distributions are compared with mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) data. Differences between both methods are caused by resolution limits of the FIB-SEM and by the development of small pores during the maturation of the organic matter. Calculations show no permeability when only considering visible pores due to the lack of axis connectivity. Adding the organic matter with a background permeability of 1 × 10−21 m2 to the calculations, the total permeability increased by up to 1 order of magnitude for the low mature and decreases slightly for the overmature sample from the gas window. Anisotropy of permeability was observed. Permeability coefficients increase by 1 order of magnitude if simulations are performed parallel to the bedding. Our results compare well with experimental data from the literature suggesting that upscaling may be possible in the future as soon as maturity dependent organic matter permeability coefficients can be determined

Field trip guide to kaolinite geodes in Hamilton, Illinois, USA

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Plasma Spraying of Kaolinite for Preparing Reactive Alumino-Silicate Glass Coatings

Thermally treated kaolinite is used to develop a range of alumino-silicate-based precursor materials but its behavior during plasma spraying has not been well-researched. In this study, two types of kaolinite samples were investigated in the form of low defect (KGa-1b) and high defect (KGa-2) varieties. The extreme temperatures of the plasma stream (up to 20 000 K) induced flash melting to produce a highly porous alumino-silicate glass without any crystallization of new Al−Si oxide minerals. The glass is comprised largely of intact or deformed spheres (average diameters 1.14–1.44 μm), which indicates rapid quenching and solidification before impact. The subspherical structures contain up to 40 % closed pore space caused by the rapid escape of water during melting. The low-density, porous alumino-silicate glass coatings with predicted specific surface areas (>0.95 m2/g) and hardnesses >1.8 GPa represent a potentially reactive but physically stable substrate ideal for further chemical functionalization

The Non-linear Dynamics of Meaning-Processing in Social Systems

Social order cannot be considered as a stable phenomenon because it contains an order of reproduced expectations. When the expectations operate upon one another, they generate a non-linear dynamics that processes meaning. Specific meaning can be stabilized, for example, in social institutions, but all meaning arises from a horizon of possible meanings. Using Luhmann's (1984) social systems theory and Rosen's (1985) theory of anticipatory systems, I submit equations for modeling the processing of meaning in inter-human communication. First, a self-referential system can use a model of itself for the anticipation. Under the condition of functional differentiation, the social system can be expected to entertain a set of models; each model can also contain a model of the other models. Two anticipatory mechanisms are then possible: one transversal between the models, and a longitudinal one providing the modeled systems with meaning from the perspective of hindsight. A system containing two anticipatory mechanisms can become hyper-incursive. Without making decisions, however, a hyper-incursive system would be overloaded with uncertainty. Under this pressure, informed decisions tend to replace the "natural preferences" of agents and an order of cultural expectations can increasingly be shaped

The dating of shallow faults in the Earth's crust

Direct dating of ductile shear zones and calculation of uplift/exhumation rates can be done using various radiometric dating techniques. But radiometric dating of shallow crustal faulting, which occurs in the crust's brittle regime, has remained difficult(1-4) because the low temperatures typical of shallow crusted faults prevent the complete syntectonic mineral recrystallization that occurs in deeper faults. Both old (detrital) and newly grown (authigenic) fine-grained phyllosilicates are thus preserved in shallow fault zones and therefore their radiometric ages reflect a mixture of both mineral populations. Also, the loss of Ar-39 during neutron irradiation in dating of clay minerals can produce erroneously old ages. Here we present a method of characterizing the clay populations in fault gouge, using X-ray modelling, combined with sample encapsulation, and show how it can be used to date near-surface fault activity reliably. We examine fault gouge from the Lewis thrust of the southern Canadian Rockies, which we determine to be similar to 52 Myr old. This result requires the western North America stress regime to have changed from contraction to extension in only a few million years during the Eocene. We also estimate the uplift/exhumation age and sedimentary source of these rocks to be similar to 172 Myr.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62567/1/412172a0.pd

Dating the detachment fault system of the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Significance for the kinematics of low‐angle normal faults

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94601/1/tect2138.pd