“Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography: a reliable, non-invasive and inexpensive preoperative method in the evaluation of vocal cords motility. A prospective multicentric analysis on a large series and an analysis of Literature”

2017 - 2018INTRODUCTION Benign and malignant thyroid diseases affect a large population worldwide. Total Thyroidectomy is one of the most commonly performed intervention in general surgery. The most feared and dangerous complication of thyroidectomy is the paresis or paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Therefore, endocrine surgeons have been prompted to include, among the preoperative examinations, the evaluation of vocal cords function through flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL). RLN injuries have a low incidence in referral center with experienced surgeons and, a routine FFL could be uncomfortable for patients and leads to unjustifiable increase of health care costs. Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography (TLUS) has been proposed as a noninvasive and painless indirect examination of vocal cords function as alternative to direct FFL. TLUS is an easy and feasible technique and is a non-invasive, inexpensive, rapid, painless, repeatable and well tolerated by the patient. The aim of this study is to assess TLUS reliability as an alternative method to direct FFL in the evaluation vocal folds function in patients candidate to thyroid surgery. MATHERIAL and METHOD We conducted a prospective observational multicentric cohort study on 396 consecutive patients diagnosed with benign and malignant thyroid disease referred to the Thyroid Surgery Division of the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" and to the General and Specialistic Surgery Division of the “A. Cardarelli” Hospital. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to BMI in a non-overweight group (BMI <25) and in an overweight or obese group (BMI ≥25). Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography was performed for each patients by and experienced surgeon trained in ultrasound examination and, after TLUS, all patients underwent routine preoperative FFL by a blinded experienced otolaryngologist. Findings were classified as normal or impaired vocal cord function. RESULTS Sensitivity was equal to 100% (98 – 100%), specificity was 99,5% (98 – 99,9%), positive predictive value 66,7 % (61,8 – 71,3%), negative predictive value 100% (98 – 100%). The probability of a vocal cord alteration in case of negative TLUS was 0% (0 – 10,4%) and if it resulted positive was 66,7% (60,7 – 72,3%). In our series, no False Negative have been observed. The prevalence of VCP in our series was 1% (0,3 – 2,7%). The results showed a concordance between TLUS and FL of 99,5%, with a Cohen’s K value of 0,798. DISCUSSION Thanks to the standardization of the ultrasound technique, we registered a high overall assessability rate was 96.46%, a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 99.5%, a positive predictive value of 66.7% and a negative predictive value of 100% in the identification of vocal cords alterations. Our results showed a concordance between TLUS and FL of 99.5%, with a Cohen’s K value of 0.798. These encouraging data allowed us to consider TLUS as part of the routine preoperative screening, as it is absolutely reliable in identifying healthy patients without paresis of the vocal cords. In case of doubts on the motility of the vocal cords, however, TLUS allowed to select patients that should be addressed to FFL. Our study confirmed some difficulty in identifying the vocal cords in male patients with hypertrophy of the thyroid cartilage without calcification. This difficulty was solved thanks to adoption of a different acoustic window in lateral approach, as our investigator had undergone specific training in ultrasound of the cervical region. CONCLUSION TLUS is a valid non-invasive and painless alternative method in the preoperative assessment of vocal cords for a selected population, such as pediatric patients, cardiopathic patients, patients who do not tolerate invasive exams, patients with no diagnosis or suspicion diagnosis of malignancy and patients who do not have voice changes. It could save a high percentage of patients from FFL and in the same time could accurately select patients candidate to second level examinations. [edited by Author]XVII n.s. (XXXI ciclo

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Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography: a reliable, non-invasive and inexpensive preoperative method in the evaluation of vocal cords motility—a prospective multicentric analysis on a large series and a literature review

Thyroidectomy is a largely performed intervention and its rate has sharply increased. The most feared postoperative complication is the recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which is the most frequent cause of medicolegal litigations. Therefore, surgeons have introduced the preoperative evaluation of vocal cords function through laryngoscopy. Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography has been proposed as a non-invasive indirect examination of vocal cords function. The aim of this study is to assess transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography reliability as an alternative painless and inexpensive method in the evaluation vocal folds function in patients amenable of thyroid surgery. We conducted a prospective multicentric study on patients affected by thyroid disease referred to the thyroid surgery divisions of two tertiary hospitals. All patients preoperatively underwent transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography and subsequently were evaluated via laryngoscopy by a blinded otolaryngologist. The ultrasonographical and laryngoscopical findings were then compared by an external blinded investigator. Our analysis on 396 patients showed an assessability rate of 96.46%, a sensitivity of 96.8%, a specificity of 95.6%, a positive predictive value of 65.2% and a negative predictive value of 99.7% in the identification of vocal cords alterations. A concordance between transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography and laryngoscopy of 95.7% was reported. In 14 patients (3.54%), the investigator reported a hard visualization of vocal cords through ultrasonography. Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography is a valid non-invasive and painless alternative method in the assessment of vocal cords in a selected population; moreover, it could be useful in identifying patients addressable to second-level examination