Recycled Images as Layers of Meaning in Picture Books

Kress and van Leeuwen showed that the visual could be considered as a semiotic mode, and developed a systemic-functional model of visual meaning. Drawing on Painter’s, Martin’s and Unsworth’s adaptation of their model to picture books, and on Panofsky’ approach to iconology, this paper contends that recycled images conceal different levels of meaning and function as palimpsests. The first part presents different approaches to visual meaning, and the shift in the function of the work of art, as pointed out by Benjamin. The following parts analyze the type of visual meaning developed by recycled images in two picture books written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean, and one by Shaun Tan. The article suggests that the processes identified by Panofsky in his analysis of meaning in works of art can be successfully associated to a systemic-functional model of visual meaning to reveal the function of recycled images in contemporary picture books.Kress et van Leeuwen ont établi le fait que l’image peut être considérée comme un mode sémiotique et ont développé un modèle d’analyse du sens porté par l’image, basé sur une approche systémique fonctionnelle. S’appuyant sur l’adaptation de ce modèle aux albums pour enfants que proposent Painter, Martin et Unsworth et sur le concept d’iconologie développé par Panofsky, cet article se propose de montrer que les images recyclées dissimulent différents niveaux de sens et fonctionnent comme des palimpsestes. La première partie introduit différentes approches du sens dans l’image et le déplacement de la fonction de l’œuvre d’art, remarqué par Benjamin. Les parties suivantes analysent le type de contenu visuel développé par les images recyclées dans des albums cosignés par Neil Gaiman et Dave McKean et dans un album écrit et illustré par Shaun Tan. L’article suggère que les procédés identifiés par Panofsky dans son analyse du sens des œuvres d’art peuvent être associés à un modèle systémique fonctionnel du sens visuel pour mettre en évidence la fonction de l’image recyclée dans les albums contemporain

Questions éthiques et juridiques en matière de diffusion des articles scientifiques

National audienceCette présentation montre le lien entre la structuration du marché de l'édition scientifique et la cession des droits d'auteur par les chercheurs lors de la publication de leur production scientifique. Le développement du numérique a bouleversé le secteur de l'édition des publications scientifiques en permettant à de grands groupes éditoriaux d'instaurer une rente monopolistique. Ce contexte de concurrence imparfaite ainsi que la menace qui pèse sur la libre circulation des connaissances ont conduit au développement du mouvement de l'open access. Le choix de déposer des publications scientifiques dans des archives ouvertes soulève des questions à la fois juridique et éthique abordées dans cette présentation, en s'appuyant notamment sur l'exemple français de HAL

Loi LRU et les bibliothèques universitaires (La)

Mémoire de fin d\u27étude du diplôme de conservateur, promotion DCB18, portant sur les dispositions de la loi relative aux libertés et aux responsabilités des universités (LRU) et leur impact sur les bibliothèques universitaires

SIV escape mutants in rhesus macaques vaccinated with NEF-derived lipopeptides and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac251

BACKGROUND: Emergence of viral variants that escape CTL control is a major hurdle in HIV vaccination unless such variants affect gene regions that are essential for virus replication. Vaccine-induced multispecific CTL could also be able to control viral variants replication. To explore these possibilities, we extensively characterized CTL responses following vaccination with an epitope-based lipopeptide vaccine and challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251. The viral sequences corresponding to the epitopes present in the vaccine as well as the viral loads were then determined in every macaque following SIV inoculation. RESULTS: In most cases, the emergence of several viral variants or mutants within vaccine CTL epitopes after SIV challenge resulted in increased viral loads except for a single macaque, which showed a single escape viral variant within its 6 vaccine-induced CTL epitopes. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a better understanding of the evolution of CD8+ epitope variations after vaccination-induced CTL expansion and might provide new insight for the development of an effective HIV vaccine

Science Ouverte: du modèle économique à l\u27évaluation des résultats (La)

Cet atelier s\u27inscrit de nouveau dans le cadre de la science ouverte. Celle-ci représente, rappelle Fabien Borget, un mouvement qui favorise l\u27accessibilité de la recherche scientifique et des données qu\u27elle produit, à tous et à tous les niveaux de la société, avec un accès ouvert autant que possible et fermé autant que nécessaire

Safety of children in cars: A review of biomechanical aspects and human body models

The protection of children in motor vehicle crashes has improved since the introduction of child restraint systems. However, motor vehicle crashes remain one of the top leading causes of death for children. Today, computer-aided engineering is an essential part of vehicle development and it is anticipated that safety assessments will increasingly rely on simulations. Therefore, this study presents a review of important biomechanical aspects for the safety of children in cars, including child human body models, for scenarios ranging from on-road driving, emergency maneuvers, and pre-crash events to crash loading. The review is divided into four parts: Crash safety, On-road driving for forward facing children, Numerical whole body models, and Discussion and future outlook.The first two parts provide ample references and a state-of-the-art description of important biomechanical aspects for the safety of children in cars. That children are not small adults has been known for decades and has been considered during the development of current restraints that protect the child in the crash phase. The head, neck, thorax, and pelvis are body areas where development with age changes the biomechanics and the interaction with restraint systems. The rear facing child seat distributes the crash load over a large area of the body and has proved to be a very efficient means of reducing child injuries and fatalities. Children up to age 4. years need to be seated rearward facing for optimal protection, mainly because of the proportionally large head, neck anthropometry and cartilaginous pelvis. Children aged 4 up to 12. years should use a belt positioning booster together with the vehicle seat belt to ensure good protection, as the pelvis is not fully developed and because of the smaller size of these children compared to adults. On-road driving studies have illustrated that children frequently change seated posture and may choose slouched positions that are poor for lap belt interaction if seated directly on the rear seat. Emergency maneuvers with volunteers illustrate that pre-crash loading forces forward-facing children into involuntary postures with large head displacements, having potential influence on the risk of head impact. Children, similar to adults, benefit from the safety systems offered in the vehicle. By providing child adaptability of the vehicle, such as integrated booster cushions, the child-restraint interaction can be further optimized. An example of this is the significant reduction of lap belt misuse when using integrated boosters, due to the simplified and natural positioning of the lap belt in close contact with the pelvis. The research presented in this review illustrates that there is a need for enhanced tools, such as child human body models, to take into account the requirements of children of different ages and sizes in the development of countermeasures.To study how children interact with restraints during on-road driving and during pre- and in-crash events, numerical child models implementing age-specific anthropometric features will be essential. The review of human whole body models covers multi body models (age 1.5 to 15. years) and finite element models (ages 3, 6, and 10. years). All reviewed child models are developed for crash scenarios. The only finite element models to implement age dependent anthropometry details for the spine and pelvis were a 3. year-old model and an upcoming 10. year-old model. One ongoing project is implementing active muscles response in a 6. year-old multi body model to study pre-crash scenarios. These active models are suitable for the next important step in providing the automotive industry with adequate tools for development and assessment of future restraint systems in the full sequence of events from pre- to in-crash. Document type: Articl

The Adaptability of Full Cast Crown in Preclinical Practice

A study was made to evaluate the adaptability of full cast crowns in preclinical practice of the fifth year students at Matsumoto Dental College in 1984. Gap space between the inner surface of the full cast crown and the surface of the abutment tooth was investigated with silicon material. The results were as follows: 1) The adaptability of crowns was better at the mesial surface than at the distal surface, and better at the lingual surface than at the buccal surface. 2) The adaptability of crowns was better at the axial walls, especialy in the middle, than in the cervical margin. 3) At the occulusal surface, the adaptability of crowns was worst

Quelles connaissances du Plan S et de la stratégie de non-cession des droits ??

Cette enquête intitulée « Quelle·s connaissance·s du Plan S et de la stratégie de rétention [non-cession] des droits ? » a été menée à la fin de l’année 2022 par le groupe juridique du groupe de travail science ouverte du Consortium Couperin (GTSO). Diffusée sous forme d’un questionnaire en ligne, elle s’adressait aux professionnels de l’information scientifique et technique (IST) et personnels des services d’appui à la recherche, travaillant dans des universités, organismes de recherche et grandes écoles. L’objectif de cette enquête était de mesurer le niveau de connaissance et d’appropriation du Plan S de ces professionnels, leurs besoins éventuels d’accompagnement, alors qu’il n’existe pas à ce jour de cadre d’application global du Plan S dans les établissements et structures de recherche françaises

The Level of Protein in Milk Formula Modifies Ileal Sensitivity to LPS Later in Life in a Piglet Model

Background: Milk formulas have higher protein contents than human milk. This high protein level could modify the development of intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune functions and have long-term consequences. Methodology/Principal findings: We investigated the effect of a high protein formula on ileal microbiota and physiology during the neonatal period and later in life. Piglets were fed from 2 to 28 days of age either a normoprotein (NP, equivalent to sow milk) or a high protein formula (HP, +40% protein). Then, they received the same solid diet until 160 days. During the formula feeding period ileal microbiota implantation was accelerated in HP piglets with greater concentrations of ileal bacteria at d7 in HP than NP piglets. Epithelial barrier function was altered with a higher permeability to small and large probes in Ussing chambers in HP compared to NP piglets without difference in bacterial translocation. Infiltration of T cells was increased in HP piglets at d28. IL-1b and NF-kappa B sub-units mRNA levels were reduced in HP piglets at d7 and d28 respectively; plasma haptoglobin also tended to be reduced at d7. Later in life, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in response to high doses of LPS in explants culture was reduced in HP compared to NP piglets. Levels of mRNA coding the NF-kappa B pathway sub-units were increased by the challenge with LPS in NP piglets, but not HP ones. Conclusions/Significance: A high protein level in formula affects the postnatal development of ileal microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune function in piglets and alters ileal response to inflammatory mediators later in life

The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach: A synthesis method for enhancing theory development in ecology and evolution

13 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.- Supplemental material is available at BIOSCI online. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa130In the current era of Big Data, existing synthesis tools such as formal meta-analyses are critical means to handle the deluge of information. However, there is a need for complementary tools that help to (a) organize evidence, (b) organize theory, and (c) closely connect evidence to theory. We present the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach to address these issues. In an HoH, hypotheses are conceptually and visually structured in a hierarchically nested way where the lower branches can be directly connected to empirical results. Used for organizing evidence, this tool allows researchers to conceptually connect empirical results derived through diverse approaches and to reveal under which circumstances hypotheses are applicable. Used for organizing theory, it allows researchers to uncover mechanistic components of hypotheses and previously neglected conceptual connections. In the present article, we offer guidance on how to build an HoH, provide examples from population and evolutionary biology and propose terminological clarifications.The workshops were funded by Volkswagen Foundation (Az 92,807 and 94,246). TH, CAA, ME, PG, ADS, and JMJ received funding from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the Collaborative Project “Bridging in Biodiversity Science” (grant no. 01LC1501A). ME additionally received funding from the Foundation of German Business, JMJ from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grants no. JE 288/9–1 and JE 288/9–2), and IB from German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. FKZ 01GP1710). CJL was supported by a grant from The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and in-kind synthesis support from the US National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis. LGA was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities through project no. CGL2014–56,739-R, and RRB received funding from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (process no. 152,289/2018–6)Peer reviewe