El estudio de instrumentos de viento se asocia con un patrón obstructivo en la espirometría de adolescentes con buena capacidad de resistencia aeróbica

ResumenObjetivoExiste controversia en la literatura médica respecto al efecto beneficioso o perjudicial de la práctica con instrumentos musicales de viento sobre el sistema respiratorio. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar esta relación en sujetos jóvenes en periodo de aprendizaje, ponderando su nivel de condición física.DiseñoEstudio observacional transversal.EmplazamientoCentro Integrado de Enseñanzas Artísticas y Musicales (estudios musicales reglados de Grado Medio) y de Educación Primaria y Secundaria, de titularidad pública.ParticipantesJóvenes estudiantes de entre 13–17 años.Mediciones principalesSe recogieron parámetros epidemiológicos básicos (sexo, edad, peso, talla, estado de salud) y a cada sujeto se le realizó un test de condición física (prueba de aptitud cardiorespiratoria de «course navette»), y una espirometría forzada.ResultadosSe incluyeron 90 alumnos, 53 mujeres y 37 varones, de los cuales 32 eran instrumentistas de viento y 58 de otros instrumentos. Los 2 grupos fueron homogéneos respecto a sexo, edad e índice de masa corporal. El consumo máximo de oxígeno no mostró diferencias significativas (p=0,255), manifestando además un adecuado nivel de condición física respecto a la población general. La CVF fue normal y comparable en ambos grupos (p=0,197). El VEMS porcentual y el cociente VEMS/CVF fueron significativamente menores (p<0,0005) en el grupo de viento. La práctica con instrumentos de viento se comportó como variable predictora de VEMS/CVF patológico (<70%) en el análisis multivariante (p<0,0005).ConclusionesEl estudio de instrumentos de viento se asoció con un patrón espirométrico obstructivo en músicos jóvenes con un nivel normal de condición física.AbstractObjectiveThere is controversy in the medical literature regarding the beneficial or detrimental effects of playing wind musical instruments on the respiratory system. The aim of this study is to analyse this relationship, taking the physical condition of the subjects into consideration.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingPublic institution with coordinated medium grade musical instruction and primary and secondary education.ParticipantsYoung performers (between 13 and 17 years).DataWe collected basic epidemiological parameters (gender, age, weight, size, heath status), and each subject underwent a fitness test (“course navette” cardiorespiratory fitness test) and a forced spirometry.ResultsWe included 90 students, 53 females and 37 males. Thirty two were wind instrument players and 58 studied other instruments. The two groups were homogeneous with respect to gender, age and body mass index. The maximum oxygen uptake showed no significant difference (P=0.255), further demonstrating an adequate level of fitness compared to the general population. FVC was normal and similar in both groups (P=0.197). The FEV1 percentage and the FEV1/FVC ratio were significantly lower (P<0.0005) in the “wind” group. Practice with wind instruments behaved as a predictor of pathological FEV1/FVC (<70%) in the multivariate analysis (P<0.0005).ConclusionThe study of wind instruments was associated with an obstructive spirometric pattern in young musicians with a normal level of physical fitness

Melon Genetic Resources Characterization for Rind Volatile Profile

[EN] A melon core collection was analyzed for rind volatile compounds as, despite the fact that they are scarcely studied, these compounds play an important role in consumer preferences. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry allowed the detection of 171 volatiles. The high volatile diversity found was analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), giving rise to two major clusters of accessions. The first cluster included climacteric and aromatic types such as Cantalupensis, Ameri, Dudaim and Momordica, rich in esters; the second one mainly included non-climacteric non-aromatic types such as Inodorus, Flexuosus, Acidulus, Conomon and wild Agrestis, with low volatiles content, specifically affecting esters. Many interesting accessions were identified, with different combinations of aroma profiles for rind and flesh, such as Spanish Inodorus landraces with low aroma flesh but rind levels of esters similar to those in climacteric Cantalupensis, exotic accessions sharing high contents of specific compounds responsible for the unique aroma of Dudaim melons or wild Agrestis with unexpected high content of some esters. Sesquiterpenes were present in rinds of some Asian Ameri and Momordica landraces, and discriminate groups of cultivars (sesquiterpene-rich/-poor) within each of the two most commercial melon horticultural groups (Cantalupensis and Inodorus), suggesting that the Asian germplasm is in the origin of specific current varieties or that this feature has been introgressed more recently from Asian sources. This rind characterization will encourage future efforts for breeding melon quality as many of the characterized landraces and wild accessions have been underexploited.This work was supported by ERA-PG project (MELRIP: GEN2006-27773-C2-2-E), Plant KBBE project (SAFQIM: PIM2010PKB-00691), Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AGL2014-53398-C2-2-R (jointly funded by FEDER), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, cofunded with FEDER funds (Project No. AGL2017-85563-C2-1-R), by PROMETEO project 2017/078 (to promote excellence groups) by the Conselleria d'Educacio, Investigacio, Cultura i Esports (Generalitat Valenciana) and partly by GV/2020/025 by the Conselleria de Innovacion, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad digital. J.L. Rambla is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through a "Juan de la Cierva-Formacion" grant (FJCI-2016-28601).Esteras Gómez, C.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Sánchez, G.; Granell Richart, A.; Picó Sirvent, MB. (2020). Melon Genetic Resources Characterization for Rind Volatile Profile. Agronomy. 10:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101512S11810Burger, Y., Sa’ar, U., Paris, H., Lewinsohn, E., Katzir, N., Tadmor, Y., & Schaffer, A. (2006). Genetic variability for valuable fruit quality traits in Cucumis melo. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 54(3), 233-242. doi:10.1560/ijps_54_3_233Moing, A., Allwood, J. W., Aharoni, A., Baker, J., Beale, M. H., Ben-Dor, S., … Schaffer, A. A. (2020). Comparative Metabolomics and Molecular Phylogenetics of Melon (Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae) Biodiversity. Metabolites, 10(3), 121. doi:10.3390/metabo10030121Nee, M., & Kirkbride, J. H. (1994). Biosystematic Monograph of the Genus Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae)-Botanical Identification of Cucumbers and Melons. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 121(3), 300. doi:10.2307/2997187Bernillon, S., Biais, B., Deborde, C., Maucourt, M., Cabasson, C., Gibon, Y., … Moing, A. (2012). Metabolomic and elemental profiling of melon fruit quality as affected by genotype and environment. Metabolomics, 9(1), 57-77. doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0429-1Aubert, C., & Bourger, N. (2004). Investigation of Volatiles in Charentais Cantaloupe Melons (Cucumis melo Var. cantalupensis). Characterization of Aroma Constituents in Some Cultivars. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(14), 4522-4528. doi:10.1021/jf049777sObando-Ulloa, J. M., Ruiz, J., Monforte, A. J., & Fernández-Trujillo, J. P. (2010). Aroma profile of a collection of near-isogenic lines of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Food Chemistry, 118(3), 815-822. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.068Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Ziino, M., Lanza, C. M., & Mazzaglia, A. (2010). Fast Quantitative Determination of Aroma Volatile Constituents in Melon Fruits by Headspace–Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. 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The Plant Journal, 74(3), 458-472. doi:10.1111/tpj.12149Freilich, S., Lev, S., Gonda, I., Reuveni, E., Portnoy, V., Oren, E., … Katzir, N. (2015). Systems approach for exploring the intricate associations between sweetness, color and aroma in melon fruits. BMC Plant Biology, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0449-xGonda, I., Davidovich-Rikanati, R., Bar, E., Lev, S., Jhirad, P., Meshulam, Y., … Lewinsohn, E. (2018). Differential metabolism of L–phenylalanine in the formation of aromatic volatiles in melon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit. Phytochemistry, 148, 122-131. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.018Galpaz, N., Gonda, I., Shem‐Tov, D., Barad, O., Tzuri, G., Lev, S., … Katzir, N. (2018). Deciphering genetic factors that determine melon fruit‐quality traits using RNA ‐Seq‐based high‐resolution QTL and eQTL mapping. The Plant Journal, 94(1), 169-191. doi:10.1111/tpj.13838Feder, A., Jiao, C., Galpaz, N., Vrebalov, J., Xu, Y., Portnoy, V., … Giovannoni, J. J. (2020). Melon ethylene-mediated transcriptome and methylome dynamics provide insights to volatile production. doi:10.1101/2020.01.28.923284El-Sharkawy, I., Manríquez, D., Flores, F. B., Regad, F., Bouzayen, M., Latché, A., & Pech, J.-C. (2005). Functional Characterization of a Melon Alcohol Acyl-transferase Gene Family Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ester Volatiles. Identification of the Crucial Role of a Threonine Residue for Enzyme Activity*. Plant Molecular Biology, 59(2), 345-362. doi:10.1007/s11103-005-8884-yPerry, P. L., Wang, Y., & Lin, J. (2009). Analysis of honeydew melon (Cucumis melovar.inodorus) flavour and GC-MS/MS identification of (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienyl acetate. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 24(6), 341-347. doi:10.1002/ffj.1947Rodríguez-Pérez, C., Quirantes-Piné, R., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A., & Segura-Carretero, A. (2013). Comparative characterization of phenolic and other polar compounds in Spanish melon cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Food Research International, 54(2), 1519-1527. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.011Allwood, J. W., Cheung, W., Xu, Y., Mumm, R., De Vos, R. C. H., Deborde, C., … Goodacre, R. (2014). Metabolomics in melon: A new opportunity for aroma analysis. Phytochemistry, 99, 61-72. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.010Portnoy, V., Benyamini, Y., Bar, E., Harel-Beja, R., Gepstein, S., Giovannoni, J. J., … Katzir, N. (2008). The molecular and biochemical basis for varietal variation in sesquiterpene content in melon (Cucumis melo L.) rinds. Plant Molecular Biology, 66(6), 647-661. doi:10.1007/s11103-008-9296-6Esteras, C., Formisano, G., Roig, C., Díaz, A., Blanca, J., Garcia-Mas, J., … Picó, B. (2013). SNP genotyping in melons: genetic variation, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 126(5), 1285-1303. doi:10.1007/s00122-013-2053-5Leida, C., Moser, C., Esteras, C., Sulpice, R., Lunn, J. E., de Langen, F., … Picó, B. (2015). Variability of candidate genes, genetic structure and association with sugar accumulation and climacteric behavior in a broad germplasm collection of melon (Cucumis melo L.). BMC Genetics, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0183-2Sánchez, G., Martínez, J., Romeu, J., García, J., Monforte, A. J., Badenes, M. L., & Granell, A. (2014). The peach volatilome modularity is reflected at the genetic and environmental response levels in a QTL mapping population. BMC Plant Biology, 14(1), 137. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-137Sánchez, G., Besada, C., Badenes, M. L., Monforte, A. J., & Granell, A. (2012). A Non-Targeted Approach Unravels the Volatile Network in Peach Fruit. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38992. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038992Zorrilla-Fontanesi, Y., Rambla, J.-L., Cabeza, A., Medina, J. J., Sánchez-Sevilla, J. F., Valpuesta, V., … Amaya, I. (2012). Genetic Analysis of Strawberry Fruit Aroma and Identification of O-Methyltransferase FaOMT as the Locus Controlling Natural Variation in Mesifurane Content      . Plant Physiology, 159(2), 851-870. doi:10.1104/pp.111.188318Rambla, J. L., Medina, A., Fernández-del-Carmen, A., Barrantes, W., Grandillo, S., Cammareri, M., … Granell, A. (2016). Identification, introgression, and validation of fruit volatile QTLs from a red-fruited wild tomato species. Journal of Experimental Botany, erw455. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw455Verzera, A., Dima, G., Tripodi, G., Condurso, C., Crinò, P., Romano, D., … Paratore, A. (2014). Aroma and sensory quality of honeydew melon fruits (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq.) in relation to different rootstocks. Scientia Horticulturae, 169, 118-124. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2014.02.008López, C., Ferriol, M., & Picó, M. B. (2015). Mechanical transmission of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus to cucurbit germplasm: selection of tolerance sources in Cucumis melo. Euphytica, 204(3), 679-691. doi:10.1007/s10681-015-1371-xSharon-Asa, L., Shalit, M., Frydman, A., Bar, E., Holland, D., Or, E., … Eyal, Y. (2003). Citrus fruit flavor and aroma biosynthesis: isolation, functional characterization, and developmental regulation of Cstps1 , a key gene in the production of the sesquiterpene aroma compound valencene. The Plant Journal, 36(5), 664-674. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01910.xPechous, S. W., & Whitaker, B. D. (2004). Cloning and functional expression of an ( E , E )-a-farnesene synthase cDNA from peel tissue of apple fruit. Planta, 219(1), 84-94. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1191-4MARUYAMA, T., ITO, M., & HONDA, G. (2001). Molecular Cloning, Functional Expression and Characterization of (E)-.BETA.-Farnesene Synthase from Citrus junos. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 24(10), 1171-1175. doi:10.1248/bpb.24.1171Lourenço, A. M., Haddi, K., Ribeiro, B. M., Corrêia, R. F. T., Tomé, H. V. V., Santos-Amaya, O., … Aguiar, R. W. S. (2018). Essential oil of Siparuna guianensis as an alternative tool for improved lepidopteran control and resistance management practices. Scientific Reports, 8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25721-0Monforte, A. J., Garcia-Mas, J., & Arus, P. (2003). Genetic variability in melon based on microsatellite variation. Plant Breeding, 122(2), 153-157. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00848.xBlanca, J., Esteras, C., Ziarsolo, P., Pérez, D., Fernández-Pedrosa, V., Collado, C., … Picó, B. (2012). Transcriptome sequencing for SNP discovery across Cucumis melo. BMC Genomics, 13(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-280Zhao, G., Lian, Q., Zhang, Z., Fu, Q., He, Y., Ma, S., … Huang, S. (2019). 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Breeding Tomato Hybrids for Flavour: Comparison of GWAS Results Obtained on Lines and F1 Hybrids

[EN] Tomato flavour is an important goal for breeders. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major determinants of tomato flavour. Although most tomato varieties for fresh market are F1 hybrids, most studies on the genetic control of flavour-related traits are performed on lines. We quantified 46 VOCs in a panel of 121 small fruited lines and in a test cross panel of 165 hybrids (the previous panel plus 44 elite cherry tomato lines crossed with a common line). High and consistent heritabilities were assessed for most VOCs in the two panels, and 65% of VOC contents were strongly correlated between lines and hybrids. Additivity was observed for most VOCs. We performed genome wide association studies (GWAS) on the two panels separately, along with a third GWAS on the test cross subset carrying only F1 hybrids corresponding to the line panel. We identified 205, 183 and 138 associations, respectively. We identified numerous overlapping associations for VOCs belonging to the same metabolic pathway within each panel; we focused on seven chromosome regions with clusters of associations simultaneously involved in several key VOCs for tomato aroma. The study highlighted the benefit of testcross panels to create tasty F1 hybrid varieties.This research was funded by the CIFRE project Qualhytom, grant number 2018/1239, the ANR project TomEpiSet, grant number ANR-16-CE20-0014 and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, HARNESSTOM, grant number No. 101000716.Bineau, E.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Priego-Cubero, S.; Hereil, A.; Bitton, F.; Plissonneau, C.; Granell Richart, A.... (2021). Breeding Tomato Hybrids for Flavour: Comparison of GWAS Results Obtained on Lines and F1 Hybrids. Genes. 12(9):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091443S12012

Impact of hip abductor and adductor strength on dynamic balance and ankle biomechanics in young elite female Basketball players

This study aimed to evaluate, in an isolated and relative manner, hip abductor (ABD) and adductor (AD) strength and to study the extent to which these factors are related to balance and ankle dorsiflexion mobility in young elite female basketball players. Sixty trainee-level elite female basketball players (13-18 years old), who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, were divided into three subgroups based on competition age divisions (U14, U16, U18). Isometric hip ABD and AD strength in each leg was evaluated using the ForceFrame Strength Testing System, also calculating the strength ratio and imbalance between legs. Y Balance Test (YBT) and ankle dorsiflexion mobility were also assessed. ANOVA was used for between-group differences analysis. Likewise, the impact of hip strength on balance and ankle mobility was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A linear regression model for dependent variables was created with all variables that exhibited significant correlations. A between-group comparison analysis for the three competition age subgroups (U14, U16, U18) revealed non-significant differences (p > 0.005) for the hip strength variables except for hip ABD strength. The correlation study showed low-moderate effect sizes for hip ABD (in both the contralateral and homolateral limb) and AD strength (only the homolateral limb) with YBT and ankle dorsiflexion. However, when performing a regression model, only right hip ABD significantly predicted right limb YBT scores (β = 0.592, p = 0.048). The present study indicated that, although both hip ABD and AD strength correlate with balance and ankle mobility with low-moderate effect sizes, only hip ABD strength was found to significantly predict YBT scores. Therefore, the potential role of hip ABD strength in particular, but also hip AD strength, for monitoring and enhancing balance and ankle mobility outcomes, should be taken into consideration when designing and implementing preventive strategies for lower-limb injuries

The erector spinae plane block: a narrative review

Regional anesthesia and pain management have experienced advances in recent years, especially with the advent of fascial plane blocks. The erector spinae plane block is one of the newest techniques to be described. In the past two years, publications referring to ESP block have increased significantly. The objective of this review is to analyze the articles about ESP block that have been published to date. We performed a search in the main databases and identified 368 articles. After a selection of the relevant articles, 125 studies were found eligible and were included in the review. The ESP block is performed by depositing the local anesthetic in the fascial plane, deeper than the erector spinae muscle at the tip of the transverse process of the vertebra. Many cases of its use have been described with satisfactory results in the treatment of both acute pain and chronic pain. The applicability of the technique covers many clinical scenarios. Of the 98 case reports reviewed, 12 and 87 articles, respectively described the technique as a treatment for chronic pain and acute pain. The single-shot was the most frequently used technique. As described in the articles published to date, the technique is easy to perform and has a low rate of complications. However, despite the effectiveness of the technique, further studies are necessary to obtain more evidence of its actions

Orius laevigatus Induces Plant Defenses in Sweet Pepper

Pest management in protected sweet pepper crops primarily relies on biological control strategies. The release of the phytoseiid Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the anthocorid Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) provides effective control of the two key pests of this crop, the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) (Sanchez et al., 2000; Calvo et al., 2009; van der Blom et al., 2009). A part of their direct effect on pest predation, zoophytophagous predators may induce defensive plant responses due to their plant feeding behaviour which involves the release of diverse volatiles through different pathways that are triggered by phytohormones (De Puysseleyr et al., 2011; Naselli et al., 2016; Pappas et al., 2015, 2016; Pérez-Hedo et al., 2015a,b). These responses may result in the repellence or attraction of pests and natural enemies. It is hence hypothesized that O. laevigatus would be able to induce plant responses in sweet pepper as has been demonstrated in other plantzoophytophage systems. As a first step to better understand the interaction between O. laevigatus and sweet pepper, the behavior of O. laevigatus on the plants was studied and plant feeding behaviour quantified to compare general behaviors. Orius laevigatus spends the majority of its time (38%) feeding on apical meristems and apical fresh leaves, which were also preferred residence locations (Bouagga et al., 2017)

Eliciting tomato plant defenses by exposure to herbivore induced plant volatiles

[EN] When zoophytophagous mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) feed on tomato plants they activate both direct and indirect defense mechanisms, which include the release of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). HIPVs are capable of activating defense mechanisms in healthy neighboring plants. In this work, we investigated which of these mirid-induced HIPVs are responsible for inducing plant defenses. Healthy tomato plants were individually exposed to eight HIPVs [1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate, hexyl butanoate, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate] for 24 hours. Then, the expression level of defensive genes was quantified. All HIPVs led to increased expression of defensive genes by the plant when compared to unexposed tomato plants. In a further step, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate and methyl salicylate were selected to study the response of four tomato key pests and one natural enemy to tomato plants previously exposed to both HIPVs relative to unexposed control plants. Plants previously exposed to both HIPVs were repellent to Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), attractive to the parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and indifferent to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The volatiles emitted by plants previously exposed to both selected volatiles were also determined. Increased levels of C5 and C6 fatty acid-derived volatile compounds and beta-ionone were detected, confirming that both HIPVs significantly activated the lipoxygenase pathway. These results are the starting point to advance the use of volatile compounds as defense elicitors in tomato crops.The research leading to these results was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO (AGL2014-55616-C3 and RTA201700073-00-00) and the Conselleria d'Agricultura, Pesca i Alimentacio de la Generalitat Valenciana. The authors thank Dr. Alejandro Tena (IVIA) and Alice Mockford (University of Worcester) for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.Perez-Hedo, M.; Alonso-Valiente, M.; Vacas, S.; Gallego, C.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Navarro-Llopis, V.; Granell Richart, A.... (2021). Eliciting tomato plant defenses by exposure to herbivore induced plant volatiles. Entomologia Generalis. 41(3):209-218. https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2021/1196S20921841

Fine-Tuning Tomato Agronomic Properties by Computational Genome Redesign

Considering cells as biofactories, we aimed to optimize its internal processes by using the same engineering principles that large industries are implementing nowadays: lean manufacturing. We have applied reverse engineering computational methods to transcriptomic, metabolomic and phenomic data obtained from a collection of tomato recombinant inbreed lines to formulate a kinetic and constraint-based model that efficiently describes the cellular metabolism from expression of a minimal core of genes. Based on predicted metabolic profiles, a close association with agronomic and organoleptic properties of the ripe fruit was revealed with high statistical confidence. Inspired in a synthetic biology approach, the model was used for exploring the landscape of all possible local transcriptional changes with the aim of engineering tomato fruits with fine-tuned biotechnological properties. The method was validated by the ability of the proposed genomes, engineered for modified desired agronomic traits, to recapitulate experimental correlations between associated metabolites

Identification of ABA-Mediated Genetic and Metabolic Responses to Soil Flooding in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill)

[EN] Soil flooding is a compound abiotic stress that alters soil properties and limits atmospheric gas diffusion (O-2 and CO2) to the roots. The involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of soil flooding-specific genetic and metabolic responses has been scarcely studied despite its key importance as regulator in other abiotic stress conditions. To attain this objective, wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging. After this period, gas exchange parameters were reduced in the wild type but not in ABA-deficient plants that always had higher E and g(s). Transcript and metabolite alterations were more intense in waterlogged tissues, with genotype-specific variations. Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype. Ethylene/O-2-dependent genetic responses (ERFVIIs, plant anoxia survival responses, and genes involved in the N-degron pathway) were induced in hypoxic tissues independently of the genotype. Interestingly, genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin involved in NO biosynthesis and scavenging and ERFVII stability were induced in waterlogged tissues, but to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato. At the metabolic level, flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient lines following a differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues, supporting their involvement as sources of oxalacetate to feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle in waterlogged tissues and constituting a potential advantage upon long periods of soil waterlogging. The promoter analysis of upregulated genes indicated that the production of oxalacetate from Asp via Asp oxidase, energy processes such as acetyl-CoA, ATP, and starch biosynthesis, and the lignification process were likely subjected to ABA regulation. Taken together, these data indicate that ABA depletion in waterlogged tissues acts as a positive signal, inducing several specific genetic and metabolic responses to soil flooding.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Universitat Jaume I and Generalitat Valenciana/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), co-funded through grant nos. AGL2016-76574-R, UJI-B201623, UJI-B2016-24, IDIFEDER/2018/010, and UJI-B2019-24 to AG-C, VA, and MG-G, respectively. CD was supported by UJI PICD program. MG-G and JM were supported by Ramon y Cajal contracts from Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (RYC-2016-19325 and RYC-201723645, respectively). JR was supported by a Juan de la CiervaFormacion contract from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (FJCI-2016-28601).De Ollas, C.; González-Guzmán, M.; Pitarch, Z.; Matus, JT.; Candela, H.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Granell Richart, A.... (2021). Identification of ABA-Mediated Genetic and Metabolic Responses to Soil Flooding in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Mill). Frontiers in Plant Science. 12:1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.613059S1201

A Non-targeted Metabolomics Approach Unravels the VOCs Associated with the Tomato Immune Response against Pseudomonas syringae

[EN] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants are secondary metabolites that mediate the plant interaction with pathogens and herbivores. These compounds may perform direct defensive functions, i. e., acting as antioxidant, antibacterial, or antifungal agents, or indirectly by signaling the activation of the plant's defensive responses. Using a non-targeted GC-MS metabolomics approach, we identified the profile of the VOCs associated with the differential immune response of the Rio Grande tomato leaves infected with either virulent or avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato. The VOC profile of the tomato leaves infected with avirulent bacteria is characterized by esters of (Z)-3-hexenol with acetic, propionic, isobutyric or butyric acids, and several hydroxylated monoterpenes, e. g., linalool, a -terpineol, and 4-terpineol, which defines the profile of an immunized plant response. In contrast, the same tomato cultivar infected with the virulent bacteria strain produced a VOC profile characterized by monoterpenes and SA derivatives. Interestingly, the differential VOCs emission correlated statistically with the induction of the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Our results extend plant defense system knowledge and suggest the possibility for generating plants engineered to over-produce these VOCs as a complementary strategy for resistance.This work was funded by Grant BIO2012-33419 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.López-Gresa, MP.; Lisón, P.; Campos Beneyto, L.; Rodrigo Bravo, I.; Rambla Nebot, JL.; Granell Richart, A.; Conejero Tomás, V.... (2017). A Non-targeted Metabolomics Approach Unravels the VOCs Associated with the Tomato Immune Response against Pseudomonas syringae. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01188S