Binding Potassium to Improve Treatment With Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors: Results From Multiple One-Stage Pairwise and Network Meta-Analyses of Clinical Trials.

This manuscript presents findings from the first dichotomous data pooling analysis on clinical trials (CT) regarding the effectiveness of binding potassium. The results emanated from pairwise and network meta-analyses aiming evaluation of response to commercial potassium-binding polymers, that is, to achieve and maintain normal serum potassium (n = 1,722), and the association between this response and an optimal dosing of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) needing individuals affected by heart failure (HF) or resistant hypertension, who may be consuming other hyperkalemia-inducing drugs (HKID) (e.g., β-blockers, heparin, etc.), and frequently are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 1,044): According to the surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA), sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) (SUCRA >0.78), patiromer (SUCRA >0.58) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) (SUCRA <0.39) were different concerning their capacity to achieve normokalemia (serum potassium level (sK+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L) or acceptable kalemia (sK+ ≤ 5.1 mEq/L) in individuals with hyperkalemia (sK+ >5.1 mEq/L), and, when normokalemia is achieved, patiromer 16.8-25.2 g/day (SUCRA = 0.94) and patiromer 8.4-16.8 g/day (SUCRA = 0.41) can allow to increase the dose of spironolactone up to 50 mg/day in subjects affected by heart failure (HF) or with resistant hypertension needing treatment with other RAASi. The potential of zirconium cyclosilicate should be explored further, as no data exists to assess properly its capacity to optimize dosing of RAASi, contrarily as it occurs with patiromer. More research is also necessary to discern between benefits of binding potassium among all type of hyperkalemic patients, for example, patients with DM who may need treatment for proteinuria, patients with early hypertension, etc. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42020185614, CRD42020185558, CRD42020191430

Binding Potassium to Improve Treatment With Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors: Results From Multiple One-Stage Pairwise and Network Meta-Analyses of Clinical Trials

This manuscript presents findings from the first dichotomous data pooling analysis on clinical trials (CT) regarding the effectiveness of binding potassium. The results emanated from pairwise and network meta-analyses aiming evaluation of response to commercial potassium-binding polymers, that is, to achieve and maintain normal serum potassium (n = 1,722), and the association between this response and an optimal dosing of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) needing individuals affected by heart failure (HF) or resistant hypertension, who may be consuming other hyperkalemia-inducing drugs (HKID) (e.g., b-blockers, heparin, etc.), and frequently are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 1,044): According to the surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA), sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) (SUCRA >0.78), patiromer (SUCRA >0.58) and sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) (SUCRA 5.1 mEq/L), and, when normokalemia is achieved, patiromer 16.8–25.2 g/day (SUCRA = 0.94) and patiromer 8.4–16.8 g/day (SUCRA = 0.41) can allow to increase the dose of spironolactone up to 50 mg/day in subjects affected by heart failure (HF) or with resistant hypertension needing treatment with other RAASi. The potential of zirconium cyclosilicate should be explored further, as no data exists to assess properly its capacity to optimize dosing of RAASi, contrarily as it occurs with patiromer. More research is also necessary to discern between benefits of binding potassium among all type of hyperkalemic patients, for example, patients with DM who may need treatment for proteinuria, patients with early hypertension, etc.Fil: Lizaraso Soto, Frank. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Gutiérrez Abejón, Eduardo. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Bustamante Munguira, Juan. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Martín García, Débora. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Chimeno, María Montserrat. Hospital Virgen de la Concha; EspañaFil: Nava Rebollo, Álvaro. Hospital Virgen de la Concha; EspañaFil: Maurtua Briseño Meiggs, Álvaro. Woodland Medical Practicenhs; Reino UnidoFil: Fernández, Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Universidad de Burgos. Departamento de Didácticas Específicas; EspañaFil: Bustamante Munguira, Elena. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: de Paz, Félix Jesús. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Grande Villoria, Jesús. Universidad de Valladolid; España. Universite de Lausanne; SuizaFil: Ochoa Sangrador, Carlos. Sanidad de Castilla y León; EspañaFil: Pascual, Manuel. Universite de Lausanne; SuizaFil: Álvarez, F. Javier. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Herrera Gómez, Francisco. Universite de Lausanne; Suiza. Universidad de Valladolid; Españ

Tolerancia inmunológica y trasplante renal

Producción CientíficaEl papel crucial de las células T reguladoras en la tolerancia de los injertos se ha visto claramente en numerosos modelos animales. No obstante, delimitar este rol en trasplante con humanos es tarea difícil. Alternativamente, la exploración del componente regulador de la respuesta alo-inmune podría convertirse en un biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico muy útil para el seguimiento a largo plazo de los pacientes trasplantados

Grado de adherencia y conocimiento previo a la conciliación terapéutica en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal

Producción CientíficaEl empleo de medicamentos implica a pacientes y profesionales sanitarios, y puede dar lugar a errores con importantes repercusiones clínicas. A estos errores contribuyen la pluripatologìa, la polimedicaciòn, la fragmentación del sistema de salud (con múltiples médicos prescriptores sin registro único de salud), así como al desconocimiento del tratamiento por parte del paciente, familiares o cuidadores. Para disminuir estos errores de medicación se han propuesto varios procesos entre los que se incluyen la conciliación de la medicación (crear lista de medicación exacta que recoja todos los fármacos que el paciente toma), revisión del tratamiento (evaluar la lista para adecuación, efectividad, seguridad y conveniencia en conjunción con el estado de salud del paciente) y manejo individualizado de la terapia (comprobando adherencia, conocimiento de fármacos y lista de medicación «en la cartera»

Cholesterol-lowering treatment in chronic kidney disease: multistage pairwise and network meta-analyses

Producción CientíficaPairwise and network meta-analyses on the relationship between the efficacy of the use of statins with or without ezetimibe and reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are presented. In the pairwise meta-analysis, statins with or without ezetimibe were shown to be efficacious in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with CKD and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, in the context of both primary prevention [odds ratio (OR)/95% confidence interval (95% CI)/I2/number of studies (n): 0.50/0.40–0.64/0%/6] and primary/secondary prevention (0.66/0.57–0.76/57%/18). However, in the Bayesian network meta-analysis, compared to the placebo, only atorvastatin 80 mg daily and atorvastatin and rosuvastatin at doses equivalent to simvastatin 20 mg daily reduced the odds of MACEs in this patient population. The network meta-analysis for LDLc and CRP treatment objectives also showed that, regardless of eGFR and excluding dialysis patients, the number of MACEs decreased in patients with CKD, with reductions in both LDLc and CRP of less than 50% (surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA)/heterogeneity (vague)/n: 0.77/0.14/3). The evaluation of the benefits of drugs may lead to individualized therapy for CKD patients: Cholesterol-lowering treatment for CKD patients with high levels of both LDLc and CRP is suggested.Junta de Castilla y León (grant VA161G18

Impact de l'infection à SARS-CoV-2 chez les patients en dialyse péritonéale. Expérience Espagnole : résultats préliminaires.

The recent appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a significant impact on the general population. Patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have not been unaware of this situation, and due to their characteristics, they are especially vulnerable. We present the results of the analysis of the COVID-19 Registry of the Spanish Society of Nephrology. This online registry began operating on March 18, 2020. It collects epidemiological variables, contagion and diagnosis data, signs and symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Patients were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the results of the PCR of the virus, carried out both in patients who had manifested compatible symptoms or had suspicious signs and in those who had undergone screening after contact with another patient. As of July 18, the registry had data on 1748 patients, from all the autonomous communities. The most represented form of RRT is in-center hemodialysis (HDC), followed by transplant patients. Only 55 (4%) were on peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD patients’ symptoms are similar to those of the general population. A very high percentage (93%) required hospital admission, but none in intensive care units. The most used treatments were hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir–ritonavir, and steroids. Mortality is high and reaches 18%. Age and pneumonia were independently associated with the risk of death. We also found a beneficial effect of PD over HDC. As conclusions, SARS-CoV-2 infection already affects a significant number of Spanish patients on RRT, mainly those on HDC. The proportion of infected patients on PD is significantly lower. Hospitalization rates are very high, and mortality is high; age and the development of pneumonia are factors associated with mortality, while those on PD had lower mortality.L'apparition récente de la pandémie à coronavirus SRAS-CoV-2 a eu un retentissement significatif sur la population générale. Les patients sous traitement substitutif de la fonction rénale n'ont pas été épargnés et, en raison de leurs caractéristiques, sont particulièrement vulnérables. Nous présentons les résultats de l'analyse du registre COVID-19 de la Société espagnole de néphrologie. Le registre a débuté le 18 mars 2020. Il recueille des variables concernant l'épidémiologie, les contaminations et diagnostic, les signes et symptômes, les traitements et les résultats. C'est un registre   « en ligne ». Les patients ont été diagnostiqués avec une infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 sur la base des résultats de la PCR du virus, réalisée à la fois chez les patients qui avaient manifesté des symptômes compatibles ou présentaient des signes suspects, ainsi que chez ceux qui avaient subi un dépistage à la suite d'un contact avec un autre patient.Au 18 juillet, le registre disposait des données de 1748 patients, de toutes les communautés espagnoles autonomes. La forme la plus représentée de traitement substitutif est l'hémodialyse en centre (HDC) suivie par les patients transplantés. Seulement 55 (4%) étaient sous dialyse péritonéale (DP). Concernant les patients en DP, les symptômes étaient similaires à ceux de la population générale. Un pourcentage très élevé (93%) a nécessité une hospitalisation, mais aucune en unité de soins intensifs. Les traitements les plus utilisés étaient l'hydroxychloroquine, le lopinavir – ritonavir et les stéroïdes. La mortalité est élevée et atteint 18%. L'âge et la pneumonie étaient indépendamment associés au risque de décès. Nous avons trouvé un effet bénéfique de la DP par rapport à l'hémodialyse en centre.En conclusion, l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 affecte déjà un nombre important de patients espagnols sous traitement substitutif, principalement ceux en HDC. La proportion de patients en DP infectés est significativement plus faible. Les taux d'hospitalisation sont très élevés et la mortalité est élevée; l'âge et la survenue d'une pneumonie sont des facteurs associés à la mortalité, tandis que les sujets en DP avaient une mortalité plus faible

Blanket orders, práctica desaconsejada pero cada vez más frecuente

Producción CientíficaUna de las preocupaciones relacionada con la seguridad de los medicamentos la constituye la conciliación del tratamiento farmacológico de los pacientes al desplazarse entre los distintos ámbitos de la atención sanitaria. La casuística pone de manifiesto que tanto los ingresos hospitalarios como los traslados entre servicios o el alta hospitalaria causan errores en la medicación. La conciliación al alta incluye una doble comparación. Se deben conciliar tanto la lista de los fármacos que el enfermo tomaba previamente al ingreso como los prescritos durante el ingreso para obtener una lista única conciliada. No son aceptables órdenes o instrucciones genéricas del tipo «reiniciar la medicación habitual», «continuar el tratamiento habitual» o «resto del tratamiento igual» conocidas como blanket order