Transformation of women’s movements in Poland (1945–1956)

Jak zmieniał się ruch kobiecy w Polsce po 1945 r.? Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytania, jakie były cele ruchu kobiecego po II wojnie światowej oraz jakie strategie wybierały działaczki kobiece, wdrażając plany emancypacyjne. Argumentuję w nim, że „produktywizacja” kobiet, upolitycznienie ruchu kobiecego, a także jego umasowienie stanowiły główne osie działania ruchu kobiecego po 1945 r. Jednocześnie cele i strategie emancypacyjne realizowane w powojennej Polsce były zbieżne zarówno z działaniami podejmowanymi na Zachodzie, jak i tymi w ramach instytucji międzynarodowych (np. Światowej Demokratycznej Federacji Kobiet).In what way did women’s movement in Poland develop after 1945? This article is an attempt to answer the question on what the goals of women’s movement after World War II were, and what strategies were chosen to fulfill emancipatory agendas after 1945. I argue that women’s productivisition, along with politicisation of women’s movement and an attempt to build a massive women’s organisation were the main axes of the women’s movement policy after 1945. These goals and strategies were coherent with activities carried in the West and by international organisations (Women’s International Democratic Federation)[email protected] Grabowska – dr hab. w dziedzinie nauk społecznych w dyscyplinie socjologia. Absolwentka Wydziału Women Studies, Rutgers University. Pracuje w Instytucie Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Współzałożycielka Fundacji na rzecz Równości i Emancypacji STER. Prowadzi badania dotyczące historii ruchów kobiecych w Europie wschodniej, przemocy wobec kobiet oraz praw reprodukcyjnych i równości kobiet w polityce.Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PANAAN (1946–1948). Wydział Kobiecy PPR, sytuacja i zatrudnienie kobiet w Polsce – protokoły, sprawozdania, okólniki, instrukcje, uchwały, opracowania, korespondencja, sygn. 295/XVI.Anthony, Susan B. 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Account of the Work of the Congress Which Took Place in Budapest (Hungary) from the 1st to the 6th of December 1948, (Paris : Women International Democratic Federation, 1948).WIDF. World Congress of Women. Reports, Speeches (Extract.) Documents, (Women’s Berlin : International Democratic Federation, 1953).Benedict, Ruth, Weltfish, Gene. The Races of Mankind, (New York : Public Affairs Committee, 1943). ISBN 9780820356785.Castledine, Jacqueline. Cold War Progressives. Women’s Interracial Organizing for Peace and Freedom, (Urbana–Chicago : University of Illinois Press, 2012). ISBN 9780252094439.Fidelis, Małgorzata. Kobiety, komunizm i industrializacja w powojennej Polsce, (Warszawa : WAB, 2015). ISBN 9788328015326.Ghodsee, Kristen. Red Hangover. Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism, (Durham, New York : Duke University Press, 2017). ISBN 978-0-8223-6949-3.Grabowska, Magdalena. Zerwana genealogia. Działalność społeczna i polityczna kobiet po 1945 r. a współczesny polski ruch kobiecy, (Warszawa : Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2018). ISBN 978-83-7383-931-1.Haan, Francisca de. „Continuing Cold War Paradigms in the Western Historiography of Transnational Women’s Organisations. The Case of the Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF)”, Women’s History Review, t. 19, z. 4, 2010, 547-573. ISSN 1933-2882.Haan, Francisca de. „The Global Left-Feminist 1960s. From Copenhagen to Moscow and New York”, w: Chen Jian, Martin Klimke, Masha Kirasirova, Mary Nolan, Marilyn Young, Joanna Waley-Cohen (red.), The Routledge Handbook on the Global Sixties, (London : Routledge, 2018), 230-242. ISBN 9781138557321.Haan, Francisca de. „Ten Years After. Communism and Feminism Revisited”, Aspasia. The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women’s and Gender History, z. 10, 2016, 102-168. ISSN 1933-2882.Horowitz, Daniel. Betty Friedan and the Making of “The Feminine Mystique”. The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism, (Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1998). ISBN 9781558492769.Jarosz, Dariusz. „Idee, programy i realia: funkcje Ligi Kobiet w porządku instytucjonalnym Polski Ludowej (1945–1957)”, w: Agnieszka Janiak-Jasińska, Katarzyna Sierakowska, Andrzej Szwarc (red.), Działaczki społeczne, feministki, obywatelki. Samoorganizowanie się kobiet na ziemiach polskich po 1918 roku (na tle porównawczym), t. 2, (Warszawa : Neriton, 2009), 307-330. ISBN 978-83-7543-026-4.Jarska, Natalia. Kobiety z marmuru. Robotnice w Polsce w latach 1945–1960, (Warszawa : Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2015). ISBN 978-83-7629-764-4.Lerner, Gerda. Fireweed. A Political Autobiography, (Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 2002). ISBN 9781592132362.McDuffie, Erik S. Sojourning for Freedom. Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism, (Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0822350507.Mrozik, Agnieszka. „Wywołać z milczenia. Historia kobiet w PRL-u – kobiety w historii PRL-u”, Teksty Drugie: teoria literatury, krytyka, interpretacja, t. 4, z. 130, 2011, 112-119. ISSN 0867-0633.Nowak, Barbara. Serving women and the State. The League of Women in Communist Poland, (PhD thesis : Uniwersytet Ohio, 2004). [Dostęp: 29.11.2019]. Dostępny w World Wide Web: .Nowak, Barbara. „«Where do you think I learned how to style my own hair?» Gender and Everyday Lives of Women Activists in Poland’s League of Women”, w: Shana Penn, Jill Massino (red.), Gender Politics and Everyday Life in State Socialist Eastern and Central Europe, (New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 45-58. ISBN 978-0-230-10157-9.Nowakowska-Wierzchoś, Anna. „«Związałyśmy się z siłami demokratycznymi w Polsce» – program polityczny i wizja roli kobiet w «nowej Polsce» Związku Kobiet Polskich im. Marii Konopnickiej we Francji 1944–1950”, w: Ewa Chabros, Agnieszka Klarman (red.), Kobiety „na zakręcie” 1933–1989, (Wrocław : Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2014), 220-251. ISBN 9788361631408.Weigand, Kate. Red Feminism. American Communism and the Making of Women’s Liberation. (Baltimore–London : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1948). ISBN 978-0801871115.2(7)285

Stereotypy płci i starości a zachowania seksualne osób w okresie późnej dorosłości

Gender and old age stereotypes in sexual behaviours in late adulthoodThe article aims to present results of the research on the infl uence of gender and old age stereotypes on sexual behaviour in late adulthood. Interestingly, the impact of gender stereotypes can only be noticed in a group of women. The infl uence of old age stereotypes is restricted to modifying the level of sexual techniques variety. It is signifi cant that large sex-related differences are observed in the strength of the stereotype impact on sexual behaviours under stud

Parental Awareness of mother and father

Publikacja recenzowana / Peer-reviewed publicationThis article was devoted to the issues of modern family. The main goal is to show the value of what is in a person’s life becomes a family. Content presented indicates that prepare for its foundation and to take the role of father and mother puts before man great demands focus on awareness of their actions. What is important in the whole process of growing up and making life decisions is that we all learn from others to others once they learned from us

Wyznaczniki relacji partnerskiej a zmiany w sferze seksualnej w poszczególnych fazach dorosłośc

The main of the research project described here was to answer a question: do the indicators of partners’ relationship influence sexual behaviors in the three phases of adulthood? The indicators of partners’ relationship were adopted from Sternberg (1986) and these were intimacy, passion and commitment. If intimacy is understood as positive feelings and actions that evoke attachment, closeness and partners’ mutuality, we might assume that its high level may have an impact on the openness in sexual behaviors and in expression of sexual needs. The next indicator – passion – is a complex of strong positive and negative emotions with high physiological arousal, and the last indicator – commitment – is based on decisions, thoughts and feelings aimed to build and keep constant relationship. The commitment may guarantee the sense of security in a given relationship and allow an individual to express his/her sexuality in a bolder way.The level of intimacy, passion and commitment were measured with INZ questionnaire (Wojciszke, 1999). Sexual behaviors were measured with a questionnaire which Cronbach’s α fluctuates between 0,78 and 0,86 depending on a given scale. The research sample consisted of 90 adults.Summing up the findings it may be concluded that the influence of the indicators of partners’ relationship on sexual behaviors seemed to remain dependent on the adults’ age (on developmental phase of adulthood)

Wyznaczniki relacji partnerskiej a zmiany w sferze seksualnej w poszczególnych fazach dorosłości

Głównym celem niniejszych badań było udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie o istnienie wpływu wyznaczników jakości relacji partnerskiej na zachowania seksualne w poszczególnych fazach dorosłości. W omawianych tu badaniach za wyznaczniki relacji partnerskiej przyjęto za Sternbergiem (1986): intymność, namiętność i zaangażowanie. Intymność jest tu rozumiana jako pozytywne uczucia i towarzyszące im działania, które wywołują przywiązanie, bliskość i wzajemną zależność partnerów od siebie. Rozumiejąc tak intymność, można zakładać, że jej wysoki poziom będzie wpływał na otwartość w zakresie zachowań seksualnych i realizacji potrzeb. Namiętność z kolei to konstelacja silnych emocji pozytywnych i negatywnych, z uwydatnionym pobudzeniem fizjologicznym, zaś na ostatni czynnik - zaangażowanie - składają się decyzje, myśli, uczucia i działania ukierunkowane na przekształcenie relacji w stały związek i utrzymanie go pomimo występowania ewentualnych przeszkód. Zaangażowanie może się więc stać gwarantem poczucia bezpieczeństwa w związku, to zaś może pozwolić jednostce na śmielszą ekspresję własnej seksualności. Poziomy: intymności, namiętności i zaangażowania zostały zmierzone za pomocą kwestionariusza INZ (Acker, Davis, 1992, za: Wojciszke, 1999). Zachowania seksualne zostały zmierzone za pomocą kwestionariusza, którego α Cronbacha waha się pomiędzy 0,78 a 0,86 w zależności od skali. W badaniach uczestniczyło łącznie 90 osób. Podsumowując wyniki badań, można stwierdzić, że wpływ wyznaczników jakości relacji na zachowania i potrzeby seksualne wydaje się uzależniony od wieku badanych.The main of the research project described here was to answer a question: do the indicators of partners’ relationship influence sexual behaviors in the three phases of adulthood? The indicators of partners’ relationship were adopted from Sternberg (1986) and these were intimacy, passion and commitment. If intimacy is understood as positive feelings and actions that evoke attachment, closeness and partners’ mutuality, we might assume that its high level may have an impact on the openness in sexual behaviors and in expression of sexual needs. The next indicator - passion - is a complex of strong positive and negative emotions with high physiological arousal, and the last indicator - commitment - is based on decisions, thoughts and feelings aimed to build and keep constant relationship. The commitment may guarantee the sense of security in a given relationship and allow an individual to express his/her sexuality in a bolder way. The level of intimacy, passion and commitment were measured with INZ questionnaire (Wojciszke, 1999). Sexual behaviors were measured with a questionnaire which Cronbach’s α fluctuates between 0,78 and 0,86 depending on a given scale. The research sample consisted of 90 adults. Summing up the findings it may be concluded that the influence of the indicators of partners’ relationship on sexual behaviors seemed to remain dependent on the adults’ age (on developmental phase of adulthood)

Aspectos pragmáticos y estratégicos del desarrollo de la destreza de expresión escrita en Filología Española en la tercera década del siglo XXI

Written expression is one of the most important skills in philological studies. Subjected to a constant formative and summative evaluation, it plays a distinctive role and shows both the achievements and the shortcomings of the student’s linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic skills. In this analysis, we would like to focus on this last component of communicative competence, but also on the strategies of the learners connected with their practice of various forms of writing in the academic and private sphere. The paper summarizes the results of a survey completed by Spanish philology students from the Department of Romance Philology at the University of Wroclaw during the summer term of 2018/2019 academic year. One of the objectives of the survey was to find out to what extent the PNJH Pisanie program correspondsto the needs and expectations of current students in Poland.Written expression is one of the most important skills in philological studies. Subjected to a constant formative and summative evaluation, it plays a distinctive role and shows both the achievements and the shortcomings of the student’s linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic skills. In this analysis, we would like to focus on this last component of communicative competence, but also on the strategies of the learners connected with their practice of various forms of writing in the academic and private sphere. The paper summarizes the results of a survey completed by Spanish philology students from the Department of Romance Philology at the University of Wroclaw during the summer term of 2018/2019 academic year. One of the objectives of the survey was to find out to what extent the PNJH Pisanie program correspondsto the needs and expectations of current students in Poland

The release of soluble forms of TRAIL and DR5 by neutrophils of oral cavity cancer patients.

In the present study we examined the release of the soluble form of TRAIL by neutrophils (PMN) derived from patients with oral cavity cancer. Simultaneously, we estimated the ability of PMNs of these patients to release the soluble form of DR5 receptor, a natural regulatory protein of TRAIL. The obtained results were confronted with the serum levels of sTRAIL and sDR5. The cells were isolated from 21 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity at diagnosis and three weeks after surgery treatment. For comparative purposes we performed similar examinations in autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cytoplasmic protein fractions of the cells were analyzed for the presence of TRAIL and DR5 by western blotting. Soluble TRAIL and soluble DR5 concentrations in the culture supernatants of cells were confronted with their serum levels using ELISA kit. PMN and PBMC of the whole cancer patient group expressed decreased TRAIL protein and unchanged expression of DR5 receptor in comparison with the control group. Unchanged release of sTRAIL by PMNs of patients in Stage II was accompanying the decrease of the ability of PBMC to secrete this protein. In patients in Stage IV the secretion of sTRAIL by PMNs and PBMC was impaired. In contrast to changes in sTRAIL secretion by PMN and PBMC of oral cavity cancer patients, the secretion of sDR5 by these cells was unchanged. The serum levels of sTRAIL were increased in patients in Stage II before treatment and decreased in the same patients after treatment. The altered ability of PMN of PBMC to secrete sTRAIL may have different implications for the immune response of patients with oral cavity cancer cells at different stages of disease

The sex preference for children in Europe: Children's sex and the probability and timing of births

Background: The preference for having children of a particular sex may be reflected in fertility behavior. For example, parents who want to have a son may be more likely to have another child if their firstborn child is female or if they have two female children. They may also speed up the conception, resulting in a faster progression to the next child. Objective: We examine whether there is a sex preference for children in Europe, which is reflected in an increased/decreased probability of having another child and a shorter/longer time to the next birth given the sex of existing children. We distinguish between progression to the second and the third child and different cohorts. Methods: We model the impact of children's sex on fertility using event history analysis. We apply mixture cure models, which allow us to distinguish between the probability of experiencing the event of interest and its timing. Results: We find evidence of the preference for having a girl, reflected in an increased probability of not having a second child if the first child is female. We also find that women who have two children of the same sex are more likely to give birth to a third child. Contribution: We contribute to research on the sex preference for children by (1) providing a comprehensive analysis of a number of European countries using consistent data and methodology, (2) examining the progression to the second and the third child, (3) distinguishing between different cohorts of women, and (4) applying mixture cure models

Vertical distribution of cyanobacteria biomass and cyanotoxin production in the polymictic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (eastern Poland)

Abstract. The summer-autumn dominance of the toxic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii was described in the lowland polymictic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (SDR) in 2010 and 2011. The study was conducted at a station located in the deepest part of the reservoir. The species composition of phytoplankton was very similar at the four depths analyzed. Microcystins were continually present in the cyanobacterial biomass. Demethylated microcystin-RR (dmMC-RR) and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) were identified as the major microcystin variants in most samples, while demethylated microcystin-LR (dmMC-LR) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) were each recorded only once. The concentration of microcystin-RR correlated strongly with the biomass of P. agardhii. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial biomass the production of microcystins by cyanobacteria was minor, but increased water temperatures and pH favored the production of microcystins. Phytoplankton biomass was also influenced by how water outflow from the reservoir was regulated; the biomas increased with depth when the upper flaps were opened, but it was very similar throughout the water column when they were closed. According to the Polish phytoplankton-based index (IFPL), the ecological potential of the reservoir was determined to be poor