Preparation and Evaluation of Sunscreen Nanoemulsions with Synergistic Efficacy on SPF by Combination of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone, and Octyl Methoxycinnamate

BACKGROUND: Soybean oil contains vitamin E and acts as a natural sunscreen which can absorb Ultra Violet (UV) B light and has antioxidant properties to reduce the photooxidative damage that results from UV-induced Reactive Oxygen Species production. The UV blocking from most natural oils is insufficient to obtain a high UV protection. The strategies for preparations of sunscreen products with high SPF can be done by nanoemulsion formulation and Ultra Violet filter combinations of Soybean Oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate. AIM: The purpose of this study was to prepare and in vitro efficacy evaluation of sunscreen nanoemulsion containing Soybean oil, Avobenzone and Octyl methoxycinnamate. METHODS: The sunscreen nanoemulsions were prepared by the high energy emulsification method. The formulation uses a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate, with different ratio of Soybean oil and Liquid Paraffin. The nanoemulsion was evaluated for droplet sizes by using particle size analyzer, physical stability in room temperature (25 ± 2°C during experiment for 12 weeks of storage, physical stability (cycling test), phase separation by centrifugation at 3750 rpm for 5 hours, pH, viscosity, and Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value by UV spectrophotometric. The SPF value of sunscreen nanoemulsion was compared to sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil and sunscreen emulsion. Particle morphology observation of nanoemulsion by using Transmission Electron Microscope. RESULTS: The sunscreen nanoemulsion formulation containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate with a ratio of 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Paraffin Oil resulted in the smallest average droplet size of 68.47 nm. The sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil had an average droplet size of 384.07 nm. The globules size was increased during the experiment for 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, but there was no phase separation after centrifugation. The formulation of sunscreen emulsion, phase separation was formed after centrifugation. The nanoemulsion had a pH value of 7.23 ± 0.06 and a viscosity value of 133.33 ± 7.22 cP. The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl methoxycinnamate 2.73%, Soybean Oil, 2.73% and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin had SPF value (21.57 ± 1.21) higher than sunscreen nanoemulsion without Soybean Oil (16.52 ± 0.98) and sunscreen emulsion (15.10 ± 0.22). The TEM analysis of globules morphology showed that the sunscreen nanoemulsion formed a spherical globule. CONCLUSION: The sunscreen nanoemulsion containing a combination of 3% Avobenzone, 7.5% Octyl Methoxycinnamate, 2.73% Soybean Oil and 0.27% Liquid Paraffin showed synergistic sunscreen efficacy on SPF. This sunscreen nanoemulsion is more stable than sunscreen emulsion formulation during the experiment for 12 weeks at room temperature

Relationship between Malaria Parasitaemia and Packed Cell volume among Primary School pupils in Ekpoma

Malaria parasitic infection is a disease causing high morbidity and mortality in most tropical parts of the world, where climatic conditions and sanitation practices favour their prevalence. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and its influence on pack cell volume among Primary School Pupils. The study was conducted in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria and involves two hundred primary school children between the ages of 7 and 14 years. Blood was collected by finger prick to determine the presence of malaria parasitaemia using thick and thin film methods while packed cell volume (PCV) was determine by haematocrit method. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection was found to be 20.5% with only two species of Plasmodium detected Plasmodium falciparum (20%) and Plasmodium malariae (1%). The haematocrit of malaria infected pupils (33.3±3.55) was significantly different (p<0.05) from those of non malaria infected subjects (35.9±3.28). Our study revealed that malaria is still a major public health problem and may be a contributory factor to morbidity, mortality, school absenteeism and poor academic performance of pupils in the study area.Keywords: Pack cell volume; Primary School Pupils; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae

Descriptive?Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in adults with imported severe Plasmodium falciparum?malaria: A 10 year-study in a Portuguese tertiary care hospital

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe complication of malaria that remains largely unstudied. We aim to describe the development of ARDS associated with severe P. falciparum malaria, its management and impact on clinical outcome.B910-DDDF-6BB2 | Lu?s Carlos Carvalho da Gra?aN/

Evaluasi dalam Pembelajaran Drama di Kelas XI Ia1, SMA Negeri Se-kota Singaraja

This research was a descriptive qualitative research which aimed at describing (1) the planning of evaluating drama instruction, (2) the evaluation of drama instruction, and (3) the constraints faced by teachers in the evaluation of drama instruction. The subjects were XI IA1 teachers of highschools in Singaraja. The data were collected by using documentation, observation, and interviews. The data analysis was conducted through three phases, namely: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, (3) data conclusions and verification. The results showed that (1) the planning of evaluating drama instruction was includes bill types, assessment techniques, and assessment instruments. the planning of evaluating drama instruction was in line with the underlying learning goal, (2) the evaluation of drama used interview test and non-test in the form of performance assessment. The application of these techniques came with the assessment rubric of cognitive, affective and psychomotor, and (3) the constraints faced by teachers included the management of time, energy, class, and place

Post harvest losses of rice in the Dominican Republic

A national survey of post-harvest losses of rice was conducted in the Dominican Republic during the period March· November 1979. Quantitative and qualitative losses during harvesting, milling and storage of rice were studied and an attempt was made to assess their economic value. Recorded losses due to inefficient harvesting and threshing practices totalled 18.1 per cent. At the rice mills significant breakage of grains occurred when sun dried rice was milled. lt was estimated that millers using this drying method were losing, on average, 9.75 per cent of the value of the product because of the lower grade obtained. The milling process itself appeared to cause no significant losses of quantity or quality. An average weight loss of 0.35 per cent, recorded during storage at government warehouses, was attributable mainly to spillage and handling. No insect losses were observed. The loss during storage is small, but the total annual loss is estimated to be 680 metric tons

A scan for new N=1 vacua on twisted tori

We perform a systematic search for N=1 Minkowski vacua of type II string theories on compact six-dimensional parallelizable nil- and solvmanifolds (quotients of six-dimensional nilpotent and solvable groups, respectively). Some of these manifolds have appeared in the construction of string backgrounds and are typically called twisted tori. We look for vacua directly in ten dimensions, using the a reformulation of the supersymmetry condition in the framework of generalized complex geometry. Certain algebraic criteria to establish compactness of the manifolds involved are also needed. Although the conditions for preserved N=1 supersymmetry fit nicely in the framework of generalized complex geometry, they are notoriously hard to solve when coupled to the Bianchi identities. We find solutions in a large-volume, constant-dilaton limit. Among these, we identify those that are T-dual to backgrounds of IIB on a conformal T^6 with self-dual three-form flux, and hence conceptually not new. For all backgrounds of this type fully localized solutions can be obtained. The other new solutions need multiple intersecting sources (either orientifold planes or combinations of O-planes and D-branes) to satisfy the Bianchi identities; the full list of such new solution is given. These are so far only smeared solutions, and their localization is yet unknown. Although valid in a large-volume limit, they are the first examples of Minkowski vacua in supergravity which are not connected by any duality to a Calabi-Yau. Finally, we discuss a class of flat solvmanifolds that may lead to AdS_4 vacua of type IIA strings

Analiza cech suprasegmentalnych j\u119zyka polskiego na potrzeby technologii mowy

Klasyfikacja tematyczna: J\u119zykoznawstwo stosowane; Fonologia, fonetyka; J\u119zykoznawstwo matematyczn

Rancang Bangun Prototipe Peluncur Proyektil Elektromagnetik

Pada peluncur proyektil konvensional digunakan konsep pneumatik dan hidrolik pada mesin yang dipakai. Hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya efek panas dan getaran sehingga mesin akan membutuhkan tenaga yang besar dalam meluncurkan proyektil. Pada Penelitian di implementasikan peluncur proyektil berdasarkan prinsip peluncur elektromagnetik / Electromagnetic Launcher (EML), dimana akselerator proyektil terdiri dari satu atau lebih kumparan yang digunakan sebagai elektromagnetik dan berfungsi untuk mempercepat lontaran proyektil. Tegangan masukan peluncur elektromagnetik ini sebesar 4,5 Volt kemudian diberi pengali tegangan, sehingga uotput yang dihasilkan bertegangan tinggi yaitu mampu sampai sebesar 600 Volt dan dapat meluncurkan proyektil. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian peluncur elektromagnetik yang dibuat mampu menembakkan proyektil dengan jarak lontar terdekat sejauh 200 centimeter saat tegangan kapasitor sebesar 200 Volt dengan waktu charging kapasitor selama 1.12 menit. Jarak lontar terjauh adalah 1.500 centimeter saat tegangan kapasitor sebesar 600 Volt. Adapun waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai tegangan kapasitor sebesar 600V adalah selama 2.30 Meni

On Mohawk Ghost Vowels: Audibility vs. Visibility

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Phonetics and Phonological Universals (1998

Prevalence and association of asymptomatic prostatitis with urinary tract infection among apparently healthy men in Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria

The link between prostatitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been acknowledged but documented incidences of asymptomatic prostatitis remains a course for concern. This study therefore, assesses the prevalence and association of asymptomatic prostatitis with urinary tract infections among apparently healthy men in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. One hundred adult men (40 – 79 years old) were randomly recruited and subdivided into four age–range subgroups. Urine and blood samples were collected from the subjects and subjected to appropriate laboratory analysis. Results showed that 43 (43%) had significant bacteriuria, and 35 (35%) were positive for prostatitis. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest incidence rate (25; 58%) followed by S. saprophyticus (16; 37%) and E. coli (2; 5%). Our findings showed a high prevalence of asymptomatic prostatitis and a significant level of UTIs amongst men resident in Ekpoma who are 40 years and above. It also gives an insight into the prevalent etiologic bacterial agents associated with the UTIs. Routine screening for UTI and prostatitis for men who are 40 years and above is therefore recommended.KeyWords: Asymptomatic prostatitis, Bacteriuria, Infections, Urinary trac