Cuts and coproducts of massive triangle diagrams

Relations between multiple unitarity cuts and coproducts of Feynman integrals are extended to allow for internal masses. These masses introduce new branch cuts, whose discontinuities can be derived by placing single propagators on shell and identified as particular entries of the coproduct. First entries of the coproduct are then seen to include mass invariants alone, as well as threshold corrections for external momentum channels. As in the massless case, the original integral can possibly be recovered from its cuts by starting with the known part of the coproduct and imposing integrability contraints. We formulate precise rules for cuts of diagrams, and we gather evidence for the relations to coproducts through a detailed study of one-loop triangle integrals with various combinations of external and internal masses.Comment: 60 page

Hydrodynamical noise and Gubser flow

Hydrodynamical noise is introduced on top of Gubser's analytical solution to viscous hydrodynamics. With respect to the ultra-central collision events of Pb-Pb, p-Pb and p-p at the LHC energies, we solve the evolution of noisy fluid systems and calculate the radial flow velocity correlations. We show that the absolute amplitude of the hydrodynamical noise is determined by the multiplicity of the collision event. The evolution of azimuthal anisotropies, which is related to the generation of harmonic flow, receives finite enhancements from hydrodynamical noise. Although it is strongest in the p-p systems, the effect of hydrodynamical noise on flow harmonics is found to be negligible, especially in the ultra-central Pb-Pb collisions. For the short-range correlations, hydrodynamical noise contributes to the formation of a near-side peak on top of the correlation structure originated from initial state fluctuations. The shape of the peak is affected by the strength of hydrodynamical noise, whose height and width grow from the Pb-Pb system to the p-Pb and p-p systems.Comment: 22 pages and 4 figures. Text and figures updated. New references added. Version to appear in JHE

Non-Gaussian eccentricity fluctuations

We study the fluctuations of the anisotropy of the energy density profile created in a high-energy collision at the LHC. We show that the anisotropy in harmonic $n$ has generic non-Gaussian fluctuations. We argue that these non-Gaussianities have a universal character for small systems such as p+Pb collisions, but not for large systems such as Pb+Pb collisions where they depend on the underlying non-Gaussian statistics of the initial density profile. We generalize expressions for the eccentricity cumulants $\varepsilon_2\{4\}$ and $\varepsilon_3\{4\}$ previously obtained within the independent-source model to a general fluctuating initial density profile.Comment: 14 pages. Minor revisio

Particle physics models with four generations

In this thesis we consider extending the standard model of particle physics (SM) to include a fourth generation of elementary particles (SM4). The fourth generation would have to be sufficiently heavy to have escaped detection; specifically, its neutrino is required to be kinematically inaccessible to the Z boson in order to agree with the very precise LEP measurements of the Z width. This extension is appealing since the current theory (the SM) exhibits tension with some phenomena observed in nature. Such phenomena are, for example, the replication and number of fermion families, the ratio of matter to antimatter in the observable universe, charge-parity violation and the mixings between the fermions. Up to very recently the issue of the origin of mass, that is, the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking in the SM, was lacking experimental verification. However, during the writing of this thesis there have been some very exciting advances in this domain. In July 2012 the CMS and ATLAS collaborations at the LHC have reported the observation of a resonance at ∼ 125 GeV, an observation confirmed by experiments at another high-energy particle collider, the Tevatron. This resonance seems to correspond to the Higgs particle, the quantum of the scalar field responsible for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry. Besides verifying the answer to the theoretically fundamental question about the origin of mass, the experimental discovery also serves as a constraint for any theory of particle physics. The goodness of models describing particle physics are generally tested by performing global fits to the data, with the data set usually taken to be the most precisely measured quantities available — the electroweak precision observables. When the recent Higgs signal strengths are included in the data set, it is seen that the SM4 is not a correct theory of nature. Specifically, the Higgs signals predicted by the SM4 are not in agreement with the data, and the model has in September 2012 been quite decisively excluded at the statistical significance of 5.3σ. Following the developments in the field we next consider the phenomenological effects of adding another scalar doublet to the previously considered SM4. In the SM and SM4 there is just one scalar (Higgs) doublet: the models have a minimal scalar sector. The fermion sector, however, is not minimal: there are at least three replicas of a fermion family and so it is possible that the scalar sector is not minimal either. There are in fact arguments in favor of several Higgs doublets, for example supersymmetry and the baryon asymmetry of the universe. Two doublets give rise to five physical particles and so the phenomenology of such models is much richer than in the minimal scenario. Four family-models have received a great deal of interest in the last decade: some 500 articles are reported to have been published concerning their phenomenology during this time. This thesis is a review of the recent developments is this field

Family socio-economic status and childhood adiposity in Europe

Childhood obesity is a considerable public health problem worldwide. In Europe, lower parental socioeconomic status (SES) relates to higher childhood adiposity. This scoping review strives to discover, which SES indicators are the most commonly used and meaningful determinants of childhood adiposity (greater level of continuous adiposity indicator, e.g. body mass index z-score, or overweight or obesity categorized by established definitions). The review focused on studies about European general populations from the 21st century (January 2000–April 2021) considering children and adolescents aged 0–17 years. PubMed and reference lists of articles were searched in February–April 2021. Total of 53 studies with 121 association analyses between different SES indicators and adiposity indicators, were identified and reviewed. Different SES indicators were grouped to 25 indicators and further to six indicator groups. The most used indicator was mother's education (n of association analyses = 24) and the most used indicator group was parental education (n of association analyses = 51). Of all association analyses, 55% were inverse, 36% were non-significant, and 8% were positive. Composite SES (80%), parental education (69%) and parental occupation (64%) indicators showed most frequently inverse associations with obesity measures (i.e. lower parental SES associating with higher adiposity), while parental income (50% inverse; 50% non-significant) and property and affluence (42% inverse; 50% nonsignificant) indicators showed approximately even number of inverse and non-significant associations. Instead, majority of parental employment (60%) indicators, showed non-significant associations and 33% showed positive associations (i.e. higher parental SES associating with higher adiposity). Despite some variation in percentages, majority of the associations were inverse in each age group and with different outcome categorizations. In girls and in boys, non-significant associations predominated. It seems that children with parents of higher SES have lower likelihood of adiposity in Europe. Parents' employment appears to differ from other SES indicators, so that having an employed parent(s) does not associate with lower likelihood of adiposity. Positive associations seem to occur more frequently in poorer countries. Criteria for uniform childhood SES and adiposity measures should be established and used in studies in order to be able to produce comparable results across countries

Tilaisuus trendejä täynnä : asiakastilaisuuden järjestäminen helsinkiläiselle optikkoliikkeelle

Opinnäytetyömme on luonteeltaan käytännönläheinen ja toiminnallinen. Järjestimme helsinkiläiselle optikkoliikkeelle, Trend Optic Oy:lle asiakastilaisuuden huhtikuussa 2009. Asiakastapahtuman tarkoituksena oli saada yrityksen kanta-asiakkaita koolle viettämään iltaa yhdessä ja jakamaan yhteistä intohimoa silmälaseihin ja kehysmuotiin. Tutkimme asiakasillan onnistumista kvalitatiivisella ja kvantitatiivisella tutkimuksella. Tilaisuuden vieraat vastasivat lyhyisiin kysymyslomakkeisiin, ja lisäksi haastattelimme seitsemää henkilöä suullisesti illan aikana. Suunnittelimme kanta-asiakastapahtuman alusta loppuun, aina ideasta toteutukseen saakka. Järjestimme illan suurimmaksi osaksi omin voimin, sillä tekemällä oppii parhaiten. Tarvittaessa saimme tukea ja neuvoja työelämäkumppaniltamme Trend Optic Oy:lta ja sen henkilökunnalta. Teemana kanta-asiakasillassa oli kehysmuoti kautta aikojen. Tilaisuuden pääohjelmanumeroksi järjestimme muotinäytöksen, jossa mallit esittelivät menneiden vuosikymmenien trendikkäimpiä kehys- ja aurinkolasimalleja. Vastapainoksi vanhoille kehyksille oli tilaisuudessa esillä kevään ja kesän 2009 kehysmalleja, joita asiakkaat saivat halutessaan ostaa. Kirjallisessa osuudessa käsittelimme onnistuneen asiakastilaisuuden järjestämistä. Tapahtumasuunnittelun teorian ohella perehdyimme muodin ja kehysmuodin historiaan. Pohdimme lisäksi, mitä asiakkuus ja tapahtumamarkkinointi tiivistetysti ovat. Opinnäytetyömme empiirisessä osassa käsittelimme asiakasiltamme etenemisprosessia aina ideavaiheesta ja suunnittelusta käytännön järjestelyihin ja tulosten analysointiin saakka. Saamiemme tulosten mukaan järjestämämme asiakastilaisuus oli onnistunut. Vieraat olivat tyytyväisiä etenkin tilaisuuden tunnelmaan, ja he olivat halukkaita tulemaan vastaavanlaiseen iltaan uudestaan. Halusimme tehdä opinnäytetyönämme jotakin erilaista ja mieleenpainuvaa. Ennen kaikkea toivoimme työstämme olevan hyötyä sekä työelämäkumppanille että meille itsellemme tulevaisuutta varten. Rakkautemme muotiin, asiakaspalveluun ja ihmisten kanssa työskentelemiseen innosti meitä opinnäytetyön toteuttamisessa ja tilaisuuden järjestämisessä.Our final project is of a practical and functional nature. We organised a customer event for a Helsinki based optical shop called Trend Optic Oy in April 2009. The purpose of the event was to gather regular customers to spend a nice evening together and to share a common passion for eyeglasses and eyewear fashion. We measured the success of the event by using a qualitative and quantitative study. The guests of the event answered a short questionnaire, and in addition to this, we interviewed seven attendees during the evening. We planned this event from the beginning to the end, from the idea to the implementation. We took care of most of the practical arrangements because in our opinion doing as much as possible by ourselves would be the most effective way to learn. Whenever needed, we had the full support of the company Trend Optic Oy and its personnel. The theme of the customer event was eyewear fashion through ages. The main programme was a fashion show with models wearing the trendiest eyeglasses and sunglasses of the past decades. The old frames were counterbalanced by the fresh spring and summer 2009 eyewear collections that were for sale at the event. In the written part of our thesis, we concentrated on the organising of a customer event. In addition to the theory of the event planning, we got acquainted with the history of fashion in general and eyewear fashion in particular. We also considered the role and the meaning of customership and event marketing. The empiric part is about the progress of our customer event from the idea phase and planning to the practical measures and the analysis of the results. According to our research results, our customer event was successful. The invitees were pleased particularly with the athmosphere of the event and they were willing to attend an event of the same kind again. Our aim was to produce a somewhat different final project that would be worth remembering. Above all, we wanted the final project to be useful for the optical shop acting as our partner in this process, as well as for ourselves in our future working life. The passion we have for fashion, customer service and meeting people were the starting points for our final project

CPT-1A-puutos ja sen vaikutukset lapsen kehitykseen

Tutkielma käsittelee karnitiinipalmitoyylitransferaasi-1A (CPT-1A) -mitokondrioentsyymin puutosta, joka on autosomaalisesti resessiivisesti periytyvä harvinainen tauti. Tauti ilmenee paastonaikaisessa metaboliassa, jolloin elimistön tulisi alkaa pilkkoa rasvahappoja energianlähteeksi. Entsyymipuutoksesta kärsivillä potilailla tämä kompensaatiomekanismi on puutteellinen. Tauti voidaan diagnosoida mittaamalla ihon fibroblastien CPT-1A-aktiivisuutta tai varmistamalla geenimutaatio. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kartoittaa Suomessa todettujen CPT-1A-puutosta sairastavien kasvuikäisten potilaiden tämän hetkinen neuropsykologinen ja kognitiivinen terveydentila ja tarkastella CPT-1A-puutoksen mahdollisia vaikutuksia potilaiden kehitykseen. CPT-1A-puutos on todettu Suomessa yhteensä kuudella potilaalla, joista tutkimukseen valittiin viisi kasvuikäistä potilasta. Tutkimus oli laadullinen seurantatutkimus. Aineistona käytettiin CPT-1A-puutospotilaiden sairaskertomusmerkintöjä ja tutkimustuloksia, joita kerättiin potilastietokannoista. Kaikilla suomalaisilla potilailla diagnosoitiin CPT-1A-puutos varhaislapsuudessa akuutin sairastumisen jälkeen, ja diagnoosin myötä heille aloitettiin pitkiä paastoja välttävä ruokavaliohoito, johon hoidon alkuvaiheessa kuului myös rasvarajoitus. Hoidon aloituksen jälkeen kaikki potilaat ovat olleet metabolisesti hyvässä kompensaatiossa ja he ovat olleet somaattisesti terveitä. Neuropsykologisissa tutkimuksissa potilailla todettiin kuitenkin tavallista enemmän ADHD:ta, oppimisvaikeuksia, lukemisen ja kirjoittamisen erityisvaikeutta ja toiminnanohjauksen vaikeutta. Tulos oli yhteneväinen aiheesta aikaisemmin tehtyjen tutkimustulosten kanssa. Menetelmällisesti CPT-1A-puutoksen tutkiminen tilastollisin menetelmin on vaikeaa johtuen pienestä otoskoosta ja potilasmäärästä. Jatkossa olisi mielenkiintoista vertailla vastasyntyneenä seulonnan avulla diagnosoitujen ja vasta myöhemmin todettujen tautitapausten kehitystä, jolloin alkuvaiheen metabolisen kriisin pitkäaikaisvaikutuksia olisi mahdollista kartoittaa. Seulonnalla ei kuitenkaan ole toistaiseksi löydetty uusia tautitapauksia

Den enes skräp, den andres skatt - En studie om konsumentens ställningstagande gentemot second handbutiker

Författare: Hanna Freiman, Elin Grönqvist och Irena Stojkovska Titel: Den enes skräp, den andres skatt - en studie om konsumentens ställningstagande gentemot second handbutiker Handledare: Katja Lindqvist och Eva Åström Kandidatuppsats: SMKK01 Institutionen för Service Management, Lunds Universitet, vårterminen 2011 Problem: Det råder idag en slit- och slängmentaliteten hos konsumenterna. Genom att fler konsumenter i större utsträckning väljer att handla i second handbutiker kan det minska konsumtionen av nytillverkade varor. Vi vill se att fler konsumenter väljer second handbutiker och därmed ser dem som ett naturligt val i den ökade återvinningskulturen, som är frammarsch. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att analysera samt diskutera svenska konsumenters resonemang kring second handbutiker och varför de väljer, alternativt inte väljer att handla i dessa typer av butiker. Syftet är även att diskutera vad som kan skapa ett ökat intresse för denna konsumtion. Metod: Studiens tillvägagångssätt tar sin utgångspunkt i en kvantitativ ansats, där en enkätundersökning till konsumenter utgör primärmetoden. Reslutat: Resultatet visar att de svenska konsumenternas uppfattningar är positiva gentemot second handbutiker men trots detta är deras agerande tudelat. Den främsta faktorn till att vissa konsumenter väljer second handbutiker är det varierade och unika utbudet. Däremot är den främsta faktorn till att andra inte välja second handbutiker att de föredrar känslan av nya och oanvända varor. Det konsumenten önskar är en ökad tillgänglighet och fräschare butiker för att i större utsträckning välja second handbutiker. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att konsumenternas tankar och handlingar inte går hand i han