Coastal sea level anomalies and associated trends from Jason satellite altimetry over 2002–2018

Climate-related sea level changes in the world coastal zones result from the superposition of the global mean rise due to ocean warming and land ice melt, regional changes caused by non-uniform ocean thermal expansion and salinity changes, and by the solid Earth response to current water mass redistribution and associated gravity change, plus small-scale coastal processes (e.g., shelf currents, wind & waves changes, fresh water input from rivers, etc.). So far, satellite altimetry has provided global gridded sea level time series up to 10–15 km to the coast only, preventing estimation of sea level changes very close to the coast. Here we present a 16-year-long (June 2002 to May 2018), high-resolution (20-Hz), along-track sea level dataset at monthly interval, together with associated sea level trends, at 429 coastal sites in six regions (Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Western Africa, North Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia and Australia). This new coastal sea level product is based on complete reprocessing of raw radar altimetry waveforms from the Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3 missions

Sea level along the world’s coastlines can be measured by a network of virtual altimetry stations

For nearly 30 years, space-based radar altimetry has been routinely measuring changes in sea level at global and regional scales. But this technique designed for the open ocean does not provide reliable sea level data within 20 km to the coast, mostly due to land contamination within the radar echo in the vicinity of the coast. This problem can now be overcome through dedicated reprocessing, allowing the retrieval of valid sea level data in the 0-20 km band from the coast, and then the access to novel information on sea level change in the world coastal zones. Here we present sea level anomalies and associated coastal sea level trends at 756 altimetry-based virtual coastal stations located along the coasts of North and South America, Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Africa, North Indian Ocean, Asia and Australia. This new dataset, derived from the reprocessing of high-resolution (300 m) along-track altimetry data from the Jason-1, 2 and 3 missions from January 2002 to December 2019, allows the analysis of the decadal evolution of coastal sea level and fills the coastal gap where sparse sea level information is currently available

Intranasal application of vasopressin fails to elicit changes in brain immediate early gene expression, neural activity and behavioral performance of rats

Intranasal administration has been widely used to investigate effects of the neuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin on human behaviors and neurological disorders, but exactly what happens when these neuropeptides are administered intranasally is far from clear. In particular, it is not clear whether a physiological significant amount of peptide enters the brain to account for the observed effects. Here, we investigated whether intranasal administration of vasopressin and oxytocin to rats induces expression of the immediate-early gene product Fos in brain areas that are sensitive to centrally administered peptide, whether it alters neuronal activity in the way that centrally administered peptide does, and whether it affects behavior in ways expected from studies of centrally administered peptide. We found that, whereas intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of very low doses of vasopressin or oxytocin increased Fos expression in several distinct brain regions, intranasal administration of large doses of the peptides had no significant effect. In contrast to the effects of vasopressin applied topically to the main olfactory bulb, we saw no changes in the electrical activity of olfactory bulb mitral cells after intranasal vasopressin administration. In addition, vasopressin given intranasally had no significant effects on social recognition or short-term recognition memory. Finally, intranasal infusions of vasopressin had no significant effects on the parameters monitored on the elevated plus maze, a rodent model of anxiety. Our data in rats suggest that, after intranasal administration, significant amounts of vasopressin and oxytocin do not reach areas in the brain at levels sufficient to change immediate early gene expression, neural activity or behavior in the ways described for central administration of the peptides

The Effects of Apelin on the Electrical Activity of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Vasopressin and Oxytocin Neurons and Somatodendritic Peptide Release

Apelin, a novel peptide originally isolated from bovine stomach tissue extracts, is widely but selectively distributed throughout the nervous system. Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesised in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN), which are apelin-rich regions in the central nervous system. We made extracellular electrophysiological recordings from the transpharyngeally exposed SON of urethane-anaesthetised rats to assess the role of apelin in the control of the firing activity of identified magnocellular vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in vivo. Apelin-13 administration onto SON neurons via microdialysis revealed cell-specific responses; apelin-13 increased the firing rates of vasopressin cells, but had no effect on the firing rate of oxytocin neurons. A direct excitatory effect of apelin-13 on vasopressin cell activity is also supported by our in vitro studies showing depolarisation of membrane potential and increase in action potential firing. To assess the effects of apelin-13 on somato/dendritic peptide release we used in vitro release studies from SON explants in combination with highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays. Apelin-13 decrease basal (by 78%, p<0.05, n=6) and potassium-stimulated (by 57%, p<0.05, n=6) vasopressin release but had no effect on somato/dendritic oxytocin release. Taken together, our data suggest a local autocrine feedback action of apelin on magnocellular vasopressin neurons. Furthermore, these data show a marked dissociation between axonal and dendritic vasopressin release with a decrease in somato/dendritic release but an increase in electrical activity at the cell bodies, indicating that release from these two compartments can be regulated wholly independently

Contribution a l'etude in vitro de la photosensibilisation medicamenteuse : reactivite photochimique de l'amiodarone et de ses analogues

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Évaluation des besoins des médecins généralistes pour le dépistage des conséquences de l’usage de l’alcool : étude qualitative dans le cadre du projet Alcool-Conso-Science

Introduction: the management of a patient with alcohol use disorders (AUD) is complex for the general practitioner. Recent data show that there is a lack of identification, an underestimation of the problem of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol use disorder is often a late diagnosis with the discovery of an alcohol-related pathology. Yet it is a real public health problem and the general practitioner is a central actor. Objectives: identify the needs expressed by professionals in various contexts. Identify the media, formats and tools to be implemented to best meet their needs. Method: qualitative study by 19 semi-directed individual interviews with general practitioners practicing in Gironde. Data collection took place from November 2021 to January 2022 until data saturation. A thematic analysis was then carried out. Results: the doctors evoked their personal and professional representations concerning alcohol, sometimes anchored and erroneous representations which impact their practice. They expressed their difficulties mainly in diagnosing AUD or at-risk use, in addressing the issue with the patient and in carrying out systematic screening.Several solutions and needs were mentioned to help them address the issue with the patient.To improve prevention and awareness, they proposed major public health campaigns posters at consultation sites.Finally, they are aware that it is necessary to improve the detection of alcohol-related pathologies and to better detect AUD. To do this, they demanded concrete data on the threshold consequences to be presented to the patient, reminders of the pathologies, a defined target population, and would like to benefit from an algorithm with signs to identify and a screening rate. Concerning the form that this tool should take, they most often evoked internet, e-mail or specific website such as Antibioclic website. They want synthetic information going to the essentials and adapted to their practice in the office. Some wanted a clear and concise paper format. Conclusion: this study revealed the difficulties and needs for primary care practitionners in the field of AUD. To improve their practice they requested a unique tool mostly by a specific website.Introduction : la prise en charge d'un patient avec des troubles de l'usage de l'alcool est complexe pour le médecin généraliste. Les données récentes montrent qu'il persiste un manque de repérage, une sous-estimation du problème des troubles de l'usage de l'alcool ainsi qu'un diagnostic souvent au stade trop tardif de la découverte d'une pathologie liée à l'alcool. Pourtant, il s'agit d'un grave problème de santé publique dans lequel le médecin généraliste a un rôle majeur. Objectifs : identifier les besoins exprimés par des professionnels dans des contextes divers. Identifier les médias, formats et outils à mettre en œuvre pour répondre au mieux à leurs besoins. Méthode : étude qualitative par 19 entretiens individuels semi dirigés auprès de médecins généralistes exerçant en Gironde. Le recueil des données s'est fait de novembre 2021 à janvier 2022 jusqu'à saturation des données Une analyse thématique a été effectuée suite à un double codage. Résultats : les médecins évoquent leurs représentations personnelles et professionnelles concernant l'alcool, représentations souvent erronées mais ancrées et qui impactent leur pratique. Ils font part de leurs difficultés principalement à diagnostiquer un TUA, à aborder la question avec le patient et à réaliser un dépistage systématique. Plusieurs solutions et besoins sont évoqués pour les aider à aborder la question avec le patient, comme des formations à l'entretien avec le patient. Ils souhaitent également bénéficier d'un outil de médiation pour échanger avec le patient. Pour améliorer la prévention et la sensibilisation, ils proposent de grandes campagnes de santé publique, des affiches sur les lieux de consultation. Enfin, ils ont conscience qu'il faut améliorer le dépistage des pathologies liées à l'alcool et mieux dépister les TUA. Pour cela ils réclament des données concrètes sur les seuils conséquences à présenter au patient, des rappels sur les pathologies, une cible définie de population, et voudraient bénéficier d'un algorithme avec des signes à repérer et un rythme de dépistage. Concernant la forme que devrait prendre cet outil d'aide à la pratique, ils évoquent le plus souvent une diffusion par Internet, mail ou site internet spécifique type Antibioclic. Ils souhaitent une information synthétique allant à l'essentiel et adaptée à leur pratique en cabinet. Certains souhaitent un format papier clair et concis à avoir à portée de main. Conclusion : cette étude a permis d'évoquer les difficultés et besoins des médecins généralistes et les outils qu'ils plébiscitent pour leur pratique. La création d'un outil internet à destination des professionnels de soins primaires et développé avec eux permettrait un meilleur accès aux connaissances et une amélioration de leurs pratiques