Some Considerations for the Establishment of a National Maritime Policy and its Relation with Hydrographic Services

The objective of this paper is to outline the importance of the sea on the growth, development and welfare of nations, as a fact to be considered by the government sectors of each country. An introductory comment and a definition of some national maritime objectives are followed by the main topic, " Issues to be considered when establishing a National Maritime Policy", which is developed in seven sections. The conclusion considers the impact of such a National Maritime Policy on the hydrographic and oceanographic fields and highlights the important role that Hydrographic Services can play in this context. The idea which inspired the drafting of this article is that the suggestions presented, after being developed with further study and review, may be adopted by national institutions as a contribution to the national policy of each country. Public and private debate may help nations to develop a national maritime policy to conduct their future development. The author hopes that the ideas and proposals drafted in the paper will be useful for experts or institutions dealing with maritime affairs or other related activitie

Why a National Hydrographic Office ?

This paper is intended to generate discussion concerning the need and justification for a maritime state to have a national hydrographic office tailored to the real needs of the state and its population. Some examples are given illustrating the influence and relationship of hydrography in several areas that are separate from shipping and defence. The existence of a National Hydrographic Committee or similar body is highlighted as the most appropriate coordination mechanism. Finally the role of the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) in supporting the development of a sustained hydrographic capability and capacity is described.La intención de este artículo es suscitar discusiones relativas a la justificación y a la necesidad de que un Estado Marítimo tenga un Servicio Hidrográfico nacional adaptado a las necesidades reales del estado y de su población. Se proporcionan algunos ejemplos que ilustran la influencia y la relación de la hidrografía en varias áreas distintas de la navegación y la defensa. Se destaca la existencia de un Comité Hidrográfico Nacional o de un organismo similar como siendo el mecanismo de coordinación más apropiado. Finalmente, se describe el rol de la Organización Hidrográfica Internacional Organización (OHI) en el apoyo al desarrollo de capacidades hidrográficas sostenidas.Cet article tend à susciter des discussions sur la justification et la nécessité pour un Etat maritime d‘être doté d‘un Service hydrographique national adapté aux besoins réels d‘un Etat et de sa population. Des exemples sont donnés pour illustrer l‘influence et les relations de l‘hydrographie dans plusieurs domaines distincts de la navigation et de la défense. L‘existence d‘un Comité hydrographique national ou organe similaire est soulignée comme étant le mécanisme de coordination le plus approprié. En conclusion, le rôle de l‘Organisation hydrographique interna-tionale (OHI) à l‘appui du développement de moyens et de capacités hydrographiques durables est décrit

Computer Assisted Nautical Chart Updating A Chilean Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service Project

The purpose of this paper is to share with the international hydrographic community, in particular with the Hydrographic Services of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), how the Chilean Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOA) has developed a solution, -applying computer and graphics technology- to the old and continuing problem of updating the nautical charts stored in the chart depot. Before putting into service the present project, the updating was done by manually applying the corrections published every fifteen days in the Bulletin of Notices to Mariners

Endoscopic Treatment of Postoperative External Biliary Fistula in a Patient Operated on for Hepatic Injury Due to Multiple Trauma

After surgery for hepatic injury as a result of blunt abdominal trauma from a motorcycle accident, an external biliary fistula developed in a young patient. The authors describe the rapid and complete healing of the fistula by use of a nasobiliary catheter. These findings emphasize the importance of endoscopic operative technique for postoperative and traumatic external biliary fistulas

Margen bruto: ¿Concepto precario para la toma de decisiones agropecuarias?

n.d.Casari, Marisa; Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentin

Adenoviral Producer Cells

Adenovirus (Ad) vectors, in particular those of the serotype 5, are highly attractive for a wide range of gene therapy, vaccine and virotherapy applications (as discussed in further detail in this issue). Wild type Ad5 virus can replicate in numerous tissue types but to use Ad vectors for therapeutic purposes the viral genome requires modification. In particular, if the viral genome is modified in such a way that the viral life cycle is interfered with, a specific producer cell line is required to provide trans-complementation to overcome the modification and allow viral production. This can occur in two ways; use of a producer cell line that contains specific adenoviral sequences incorporated into the cell genome to trans-complement, or use of a producer cell line that naturally complements for the modified Ad vector genome. This review concentrates on producer cell lines that complement non-replicating adenoviral vectors, starting with the historical HEK293 cell line developed in 1977 for first generation Ad vectors. In addition the problem of replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) contamination in viral preparations from HEK293 cells is addressed leading to the development of alternate cell lines. Furthermore novel cell lines for more complex Ad vectors and alternate serotype Ad vectors are discussed

Identification of a G2-like porcine rotavirus bearing a novel VP4 type, P[32]

A porcine group A rotavirus (GARV) strain, 61/07/Ire, was isolated from a 4–5 week asymptomatic piglet, during an epidemiological survey of porcine herds in Southern Ireland, in 2007. The nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequence of the full-length VP4 protein of the PoRV strain 61/07/Ire was determined. Based on the entire VP4 open reading frame (nt), strain 61/07/Ire displayed ≤ 76.5% identity to representatives of the established 31 P-types, a value far lower than the percentage identity cutoff value (80%) established by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) to define a novel P genotype. Strain 61/07/Ire revealed low aa identity, ranging from 57.1% to 83.6%, to the cognate sequences of representatives of the various P genotypes. The aa identity was lower in the VP8* trypsin-cleavage fragment of the VP4, which encompasses the VP4 hypervariable region, ranging from 36.9% to 75.3%. Sequence analyses of the VP7, VP6, and NSP4 genes revealed that the GARV strain 61/07/Ire possessed a G2-like VP7, an E9 NSP4 genotype and an I5 VP6 genotype. Altogether, these results indicate that the GARV strain 61/07/Ire should be considered as a prototype of a new VP4 genotype, P[32], and provide further evidence for the vast heterogeneity of group A rotaviruses