34 research outputs found
Molecular subtyping of European swine influenza viruses and scaling to high-throughput analysis
Bibliothécaire au cycle d'orientation (GE): quelles perspectives ?
Mandaté par Monsieur Patrick Johner, coordinateur des médiathÚques du CO (cycle d'orientation), ce travail est parti de l'hypothÚse que les médiathÚques du CO genevois sont encore méconnues par l'institution scolaire et que le contexte social et technologique actuel entraßne des transformations auxquelles il convient de réfléchir. La premiÚre partie de ce mémoire décrit le métier de bibliothécaire au cycle d'orientation. La seconde partie met en relief les grandes questions du moment et suggÚre des solutions ou pour le moins des pistes de réflexions propres à provoquer et alimenter des débats nécessaires sur la place de la médiathÚque dans l'institution scolaire, les relations avec les enseignants, la formation continue des bibliothécaires, les NTIC (nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication), les animations, et l'information documentaire de la DGCO (Direction générale du cycle d'orientation). La conclusion récapitule ces différents chapitres en mettant en évidence la nécessité d'augmenter le nombre de postes de bibliothécaires au CO
Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and the Escape from Vaccine Protection of a New Antigenic Variant Derived from the European Human-Like Reassortant Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus
The surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in France revealed the emergence of an antigenic variant following deletions and mutations that are fixed in the HA-encoding gene of the European human-like reassortant swine H1N2 lineage. In this study, we compared the outcomes of the parental (H1huN2) and variant (H1huN2Δ14–147) virus infections in experimentally-inoculated piglets. Moreover, we assessed and compared the protection that was conferred by an inactivated vaccine currently licensed in Europe. Three groups of five unvaccinated or vaccinated piglets were inoculated with H1huN2 or H1huN2Δ14–147 or mock-inoculated, respectively. In unvaccinated piglets, the variant strain induced greater clinical signs than the parental virus, in relation to a higher inflammatory response that involves TNF-α production and a huge afflux of granulocytes into the lung. However, both infections led to similar levels of virus excretion and adaptive (humoral and cellular) immune responses in blood. The vaccinated animals were clinically protected from both infectious challenges and did not exhibit any inflammatory responses, regardless the inoculated virus. However, whereas vaccination prevented virus shedding in H1huN2-infected animals, it did not completely inhibit the multiplication of the variant strain, since live virus particles were detected in nasal secretions that were taken from H1huN2Δ14–147-inoculated vaccinated piglets. This difference in the level of vaccine protection was probably related to the poorer ability of the post-vaccine antibodies to neutralize the variant virus than the parental virus, even though post-vaccine cellular immunity appeared to be equally effective against both viruses. These results suggest that vaccine antigens would potentially need to be updated if this variant becomes established in Europe
Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure
In order to assess influenza D virus (IDV) infections in swine in France, reference reagents were produced in specific pathogen free pigs to ensure serological and virological analyses. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were carried out on 2090 domestic pig sera collected in 2012–2018 in 102 farms. Only 31 sera from breeding sows sampled in 2014–2015 in six farrow-to-finish herds with respiratory disorders contained IDV-specific antibodies. In two of them, within-herd percentage of positive samples (73.3% and 13.3%, respectively) and HI titers (20–160) suggested IDV infections, but virus persistence was not confirmed following new sampling in 2017. All growing pigs tested seronegative, whatever their age and the sampling year. Moreover, PB1-gene RT-qPCR performed on 452 nasal swabs taken in 2015–2018 on pigs with acute respiratory syndrome (137 farms) gave negative results. In Corse, a Mediterranean island where pigs are mainly bred free-range, 2.3% of sera (n = 177) sampled on adult pigs in 2013–2014 obtained low HI titers. Finally, 0.5% of sera from wild boars hunted in 2009–2016 (n = 644) tested positive with low HI titers. These results provide the first serological evidence that sows were exposed to IDV in France but with a limited spread within the swine population
Classical swine fever virus induces activation of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells in tonsil, blood, and spleen of infected pigs
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) compromises the host
immune system, causing indirect leucopoenia and disruption of in vitro T
cell stimulation capacity. In order to explore the potential role of
dendritic cells (DC) in such phenomena, the activation of conventional DC
(cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in blood and secondary lymphoid organs of
infected pigs was investigated in the early time course post-inoculation
(pi), together with viral components dissemination and cytokine production
in serum. Whereas CD11R1CD172a cDC frequencies were markedly
reduced in blood and spleen, analysis of CD4CD172a pDC numbers
revealed a rapid turn-over of this DC subset in tissues pi. Both subsets
matured and were activated after infection, as demonstrated by
down-regulation of CD1a, up-regulation of the co-stimulation molecule
CD80/86 and expression of cytokines. cDC essentially expressed tumor
necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) and interleukin (IL)-10, whereas pDC
produced alpha interferon (IFN-) and IL-12. IFN- and
TNF- productions revealed an enhancement of innate anti-viral
immune responses. Detection of antigen activated B lymphocytes in tonsil
T-cell areas at 72 h pi, subsequently to the transient translocation of the
viral E2 protein within germinal centres at 48 h pi, indicates the
initiation of humoral response. This response was also evidenced by an
important IL-10 production in serum one week pi. IL-12 expression in organs,
as well as transient detection of IL-18 and IFN- in serum,
reflected the initiation of cellular immune responses. However, the
uncommonly high levels of TNF- and IFN- produced by DC and
measured in serum early post-infection, together with IL-10 expression in
spleen, could play a role in the disruption of immune system cells, either
inducing apoptosis or impairing DC functionalities themselves
Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure
Monetary valuation of ecosystem services. An example through a water policy implementation in France
In the context of the Water Framework Directive, the French Water Agencies were asked to justify exemptions, for disproportionate cost reasons, to the âgood waterâ status in a series of river basins in 2015. The ministry of the Environment and the economists of the Water Agencies agreed on the fact that this justification would be based on cost-benefit analyses. A great number of cost-benefit analyses were carried out on water bodies or groups of water bodies. This article reports on this experience conducted by the French Water Agencies. It highlights the fact that the large majority of restoration projects generated higher costs than benefits. It suggests that the implementation of the Water Framework Directive could be considerably limited by the use of the Costs-Benefits-Analysis. This result is discussed, especially with regard to the assessment of non-market benefits. These methods are in fact a source of much technical uncertainty which can be used in a strategic way to justify lack of implementation of the EU Directive. Last, the article questions the limits of economic referentials against the legal referential in the implementation of environmental policy.LâĂtat a sollicitĂ© les agences de lâeau françaises pour justifier des dĂ©rogations Ă lâatteinte du « bon Ă©tat » des eaux en 2015, pour cause de coĂ»ts disproportionnĂ©s, sur un certain nombre de petits bassins versants. En accord avec le ministĂšre chargĂ© de lâenvironnement, il a Ă©tĂ© convenu de sâappuyer pour ce faire sur des analyses coĂ»ts-bĂ©nĂ©fices. Le prĂ©sent article rend compte de cette expĂ©rience et des questionnements suscitĂ©s par le chiffrage des bĂ©nĂ©fices non marchands, qui se sont posĂ©s en termes techniques, stratĂ©giques et Ă©thiques, pour pointer plus globalement les limites de lâusage des rĂ©fĂ©rentiels Ă©conomiques dans le cadre de lâapplication dâune politique environnementale
Classical swine fever virus induces activation of plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells in tonsil, blood, and spleen of infected pigs
Successive Inoculations of Pigs with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 (PRRSV-1) and Swine H1N2 Influenza Virus Suggest a Mutual Interference between the Two Viral Infections
International audiencePorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and swine influenza A virus (swIAV) are major pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex, but little is known on their interaction in super-infected pigs. In this study, we investigated clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of successive infections with PRRSV-1 and H1N2 swIAV. Twenty-four specific pathogen-free piglets were distributed into four groups and inoculated either with PRRSV at study day (SD) 0, or with swIAV at SD8, or with PRRSV and swIAV one week apart at SD0 and SD8, respectively, or mock-inoculated. In PRRSV/swIAV group, the clinical signs usually observed after swIAV infection were attenuated while higher levels of anti-swIAV antibodies were measured in lungs. Concurrently, PRRSV multiplication in lungs was significantly affected by swIAV infection, whereas the cell-mediated immune response specific to PRRSV was detected earlier in blood, as compared to PRRSV group. Moreover, levels of interferon (IFN)-α measured from SD9 in the blood of super-infected pigs were lower than those measured in the swIAV group, but higher than in the PRRSV group at the same time. Correlation analyses suggested an important role of IFN-α in the two-way interference highlighted between both viral infections
The use of costâbenefit analysis in environmental policies: Some issues raised by the Water Framework Directive implementation in France
International audienceThis paper aims to practically contribute to the literature on the use of costâbenefit analysis (CBA) and economic evaluation in environmental decision-making through a practical case study: the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) in France, for the first cycle (2010â2015). The WFD requires that Member States achieve âgood statusâ for all water bodies in 2015. However, exemptions can apply, if justified, on natural, technical or economic reasons. For the latter, EU guidance documents recommend to use CBA. In France, the water agencies carried out 710 CBAs on proposed restoration projects for water bodies. This article reports on this experience. Issues concerning these analyses are discussed, especially the assessment of non-market benefits. Finally, this article questions the use of economic analysis in the implementation of environmental policy