Variability of indigenous Trichoderma spp. in different soil types and their ecological and biochemical characterization.

Gljive iz roda Trichoderma spp. su kosmopolitske filamentozne gljive koje se pojavljuju kao dominantne komponente zemljišnog ekosistema. Ekološka i biološka uloga ovih gljiva je veoma raznovrsna. Kao endofitni simbionti biljaka imaju primenu u kontroli biljnih bolesti čime pospešuju biljni rast i prinos. Takođe, poznata je i njihova sposobnost da indukuju otpornost kod biljaka koje su izložene biotičkom ili abiotičkom stresu. Pored važne primene u poljoprivredi one nalaze primenu i u različitim granama industrije jer proizvode mnogobrojne enzime i metabolite. Obzirom da su mnoge vrste u okviru ovog roda ne mogu razlikovati na morfološkom nivou, neophodna je njihova identifikacja na molekularnom nivou.Cilj ove teze bio je utvrđivanje najvažnijih faktora koji utiču na varijabilnost roda Trichoderma u različitim tipovima zemljišta. Molekularna identifikacija gljiva roda Trichoderma, izolovanih iz različitih tipova zemljišta (rendzina, sirozem na lesu, ritska crnica, fluvisol, ranker, gajnjača, černozem sa različitim podtipovima i smonica) i iz rizosfere različitih biljnih kultura urađena je analizom sekvenci ITS i TEF1-α gena. Uzorci zemljišta ispitani su u funkciji fizičko-hemijskih i mikrobioloških karakteristika, kao i sadržaja ukupnih i lakopristupačnih metala (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb i Mn). U cilju ispitivanja primene ovih gljiva kao antagonista fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, testirani su odabrani izolati prema Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Alternaria alternata i Phoma cucurbitacearum. Enzimska karakterizacija izolata odabranih za test antagonizma, urađena je semikvantitativnim testom API-ZYM. Kako bi se ispitao efekat ovih gljiva i na abiotski stres izazvan povećanim sadržajem metala u zemljištu, između ostalih, odabrani su izolati koji su identifikovani iz zemljišta u kojima je određena povećana koncentracija metala, bakra(II) i nikla(II). Na osnovu in vitro testa, gajenjem izolata na povećanim koncentracijama bakra(II) i nikla(II), odabran je izolat, koji je pokazao najveću tolerantnost i primenjen je u ispitivanju uticaja na biljke paradajza gajene u vodnom deficitu...Fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp. are cosmopolitan species present in different ecosystems. with important ecological and biological roles.. Beneficial effects of this fungi are responsible for their use in various fields of biotechnology and agriculture. As plant endophytes they are involved in control of plant deseases. They are known to induce plant tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Known to produce different enzymes, they can be used in preparations of commercial products, such as biopesticides. However, for their adequate use and application their identification on the molecular level is of great importance.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the most important factors that influence Trichoderma variabilty in different soil types. Molecular identification of Trichoderma spp. from different soil types (Rendzic Leptosol, Regosol (Calcaric, Arenic), Calcic Gleysol, Fluvisol, Dystric Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol, Chernozem on loess terrace Chernozem (Arenic) and Vertisol) and plant rhizosphere of different crops was done based on their ITS and TEF1-α sequences. Variability was investigated in function of physical, chemical, microbiological properties of the soil, as well as total and extractable metal (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Mn) content in the soil. In order to examine the application of these fungi as antagonists of phytopathogens, selected strains of Trichoderma species were tested against Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Alternaria alternata and Phoma cucurbitacearum. The enzyme characterization of selected strains was performed with semiquantitative test API-ZYM. Furthermore, the selected strains were tested for tolerance to various concentrations of copper and nickel. The strain T. brevicompactum SZMC 22661 which showed the best tolerance to metals was applied in the examination of drought effect on tomato plants..

Effects of Trichoderma harzianum on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants

The beneficial role of fungi from the Trichoderma genus and its secondary metabolites in promoting plant growth, uptake and use efficiency of macronutrients and oligo/micro‐nutrients, activation of plant secondary metabolism and plant protection from diseases makes it interesting for application in environmentally friendly agriculture. However, the literature data on the effect of Trichoderma inoculation on tomato fruit quality is scarce. Commercially used tomato cultivars were chosen in combination with indigenous Trichodrema species previously characterized on molecular and biochemical level, to investigate the effect of Trichoderma on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of plants grown in organic system of production. Examined cultivars differed in the majority of examined parameters. Response of cultivar Gružanski zlatni to Tricho-derma application was more significant. As a consequence of increased epidermal flavonols and decreased chlorophyll, the nitrogen balance index in leaves has decreased, indicating a shift from primary to secondary metabolism. The quality of its fruit was altered in the sense of increased total flavonoids content, decreased starch, increased Bioaccumulation Index (BI) for Fe and Cr, and decreased BI for heavy metals Ni and Pb. Higher expression of swolenin gene in tomato roots of more responsive tomato cultivar indicates better root colonization, which correlates with observed positive effects of Trichodrema

Variability of indigenous Trichoderma spp. in different soil types and their ecological and biochemical characterization.

Gljive iz roda Trichoderma spp. su kosmopolitske filamentozne gljive koje se pojavljuju kao dominantne komponente zemljišnog ekosistema. Ekološka i biološka uloga ovih gljiva je veoma raznovrsna. Kao endofitni simbionti biljaka imaju primenu u kontroli biljnih bolesti čime pospešuju biljni rast i prinos. Takođe, poznata je i njihova sposobnost da indukuju otpornost kod biljaka koje su izložene biotičkom ili abiotičkom stresu. Pored važne primene u poljoprivredi one nalaze primenu i u različitim granama industrije jer proizvode mnogobrojne enzime i metabolite. Obzirom da su mnoge vrste u okviru ovog roda ne mogu razlikovati na morfološkom nivou, neophodna je njihova identifikacja na molekularnom nivou. Cilj ove teze bio je utvrđivanje najvažnijih faktora koji utiču na varijabilnost roda Trichoderma u različitim tipovima zemljišta. Molekularna identifikacija gljiva roda Trichoderma, izolovanih iz različitih tipova zemljišta (rendzina, sirozem na lesu, ritska crnica, fluvisol, ranker, gajnjača, černozem sa različitim podtipovima i smonica) i iz rizosfere različitih biljnih kultura urađena je analizom sekvenci ITS i TEF1-α gena. Uzorci zemljišta ispitani su u funkciji fizičko-hemijskih i mikrobioloških karakteristika, kao i sadržaja ukupnih i lakopristupačnih metala (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb i Mn). U cilju ispitivanja primene ovih gljiva kao antagonista fitopatogenih mikroorganizama, testirani su odabrani izolati prema Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Alternaria alternata i Phoma cucurbitacearum. Enzimska karakterizacija izolata odabranih za test antagonizma, urađena je semikvantitativnim testom API-ZYM. Kako bi se ispitao efekat ovih gljiva i na abiotski stres izazvan povećanim sadržajem metala u zemljištu, između ostalih, odabrani su izolati koji su identifikovani iz zemljišta u kojima je određena povećana koncentracija metala, bakra(II) i nikla(II). Na osnovu in vitro testa, gajenjem izolata na povećanim koncentracijama bakra(II) i nikla(II), odabran je izolat, koji je pokazao najveću tolerantnost i primenjen je u ispitivanju uticaja na biljke paradajza gajene u vodnom deficitu...Fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp. are cosmopolitan species present in different ecosystems. with important ecological and biological roles.. Beneficial effects of this fungi are responsible for their use in various fields of biotechnology and agriculture. As plant endophytes they are involved in control of plant deseases. They are known to induce plant tolerance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Known to produce different enzymes, they can be used in preparations of commercial products, such as biopesticides. However, for their adequate use and application their identification on the molecular level is of great importance. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the most important factors that influence Trichoderma variabilty in different soil types. Molecular identification of Trichoderma spp. from different soil types (Rendzic Leptosol, Regosol (Calcaric, Arenic), Calcic Gleysol, Fluvisol, Dystric Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol, Chernozem on loess terrace Chernozem (Arenic) and Vertisol) and plant rhizosphere of different crops was done based on their ITS and TEF1-α sequences. Variability was investigated in function of physical, chemical, microbiological properties of the soil, as well as total and extractable metal (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Mn) content in the soil. In order to examine the application of these fungi as antagonists of phytopathogens, selected strains of Trichoderma species were tested against Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), Alternaria alternata and Phoma cucurbitacearum. The enzyme characterization of selected strains was performed with semiquantitative test API-ZYM. Furthermore, the selected strains were tested for tolerance to various concentrations of copper and nickel. The strain T. brevicompactum SZMC 22661 which showed the best tolerance to metals was applied in the examination of drought effect on tomato plants..

Effect of the edaphic factors and metal content in soil on the diversity of Trichoderma spp.

Influence of edaphic factors and metal content on diversity of Trichoderma species at 14 different soil sampling locations, on two depths, was examined. Forty-one Trichoderma isolates from 14 sampling sites were determined as nine species based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Our results indicate that weakly alkaline soils are rich sources of Trichoderma strains. Also, higher contents of available K and P are connected with higher Trichoderma diversity. Increased metal content in soil was not inhibiting factor for Trichoderma species occurrence. Relationship between these factors was confirmed by locally weighted sequential smoothing (LOESS) nonparametric smoothing analysis. Trichoderma strain (Szeged Microbiology Collection (SZMC) 22669) from soil with concentrations of Cr and Ni above remediation values should be tested for its potential for bioremediation of these metals in polluted soils

Sustainable transition of the Republic of Serbia: measuring capacity for circularity in agriculture and rural areas

Abstract Background The Republic of Serbia (RS) is strategically oriented towards sustainable development, but the implementation thereof faces different limitations and problems. RS emits substantial pollution caused by fossil fuels, and pollution from agricultural sector characterized by inefficient use of energy and intensive use of fertilizers. Bearing in mind the significant agricultural capacities and the orientation towards rural development, a special green transformation must be implemented in this domain. Taking into account the specificities and tradition, the introduction of the circularity concept can be considered the most acceptable. Research on readiness for transition to circularity in RS rural areas has not been conducted; therefore, the goal of the paper is to develop a concept for assessing the capacity of rural areas for circularity. This study is the first scientific proposal that aims to provide input for policymakers, thus contributing to the creation of a new identity of RS, whose development is based on the principles of sustainability. Methods The study was conducted as conceptual research, with the objective of examining an undiscovered phenomenon without empirical evidence and incorporating the targeted phenomenon into a conceptual framework, while providing a proposal for a solution model based on an interdisciplinary approach—the application of qualitative and quantitative methods (aggregation of composite indicators and Delphi method). Results Paper results can be summarized as follows: (a) qualitative analysis of policy framework related to RS transition towards circularity (which shows that regulation is insufficient or non-existent, so conceptual research at this stage is necessary and only possible); (b) research questionnaire; (c) original set of indicators for measuring capacity for circularity (derived from the questionnaire); (d) concept of index of capacity of agriculture and rural areas for circularity (based on a set of indicators); and (e) concept of the monitoring of circularity implementation. Conclusions The main research findings presented in this paper could be beneficial for countries at early stages of introducing circularity, having both low and high agricultural potential. With slight modifications, they can also be applied to other economic activities