Behavioral Patterns of children Involved in bullying episodes

Articulo escrito en colaboración con un investigador de la UNAM SNI IIThis study applied a systematic observation strategy to identify coercive behavioral patterns in school environments. The aim was to describe stability and change in the behavioral patterns of children identified as victims of bullying. To this end, the following specific objectives were defined: (1) to identify episodes of bullying based on the frequency of negative behaviors received and power imbalances between bully and victim; (2) to describe stability and behavioral changes in student victims based on their social and academic conduct and the aggression they receive from peers and teachers; and (3) to describe the functional mechanisms responsible for the process of social organization (i.e., the Social Effectiveness, Social Responsiveness, and Social Reciprocity Indexes). The sample consisted of nine children identified as victims, nine classified as bullies, and nine matched controls, all elementary school students from the study developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico files. A multidimensional/idiographic/follow-up observational design was used. Observational data describes asymmetry between victims and bullies based on microanalyses of the reciprocity of their behavioral exchanges. In addition, the behavioral patterns of victimized children were identified in relation to their academic activity and social relationships with peers. A model of coercive reciprocity accurately describes the asymmetry found among bullies, victims, and controls. A reduction in victimization was found to be related to: (1) responsiveness to the initiation of social interactions by peers and teachers; and (2) the time allocated to academic behavior during the study

The role of student protests in 1968 : the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia & Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico

This report delves into the events that occurred on August 21st 1968 in Czechoslovakia and October 2nd 1968 in Mexico. The invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and the massacre at Tlatelolco are two crucibles that remain a significant factor in the mindset of people from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Mexico today. In my writing I draw parallelisms between these two events, that occurred mere months from each other, on different continents and had students asking one common thing from their respective governments, they wanted to be heard. The invasion of Czechoslovakia came as a surprise; the country’s new leader Alexander Dubcek was relaxing the government’s stronghold on the media and freedom of press was slowly becoming a reality. These advances did not sit well with Leonid Brezhnev and the Soviet Politburo so they made a rash decision to invade; the Soviets believed that losing their stronghold in Czechoslovakia would lead to their demise in other Eastern European countries. 1968 was also a turbulent year in Mexico, the country was poised to host the Summer Olympics and it would be the first time a Latin American country would hold that honor so the pressure was enormous. By 1968 the PRI party held a tight reign on Mexico’s government and the students wanted change, they felt social injustice was on the rise and they felt compelled to speak up. Unfortunately the government was not ready to negotiate and ten days before the inauguration of the Olympics the army marched in on a peaceful student protest and opened fire. Both movements were squashed but they mark the beginning of the end of one party rule in Czechoslovakia and Mexico. The conclusion of the report reaches 1988 when the Velvet Revolution took off in Czechoslovakia and Mexico’s presidential election had to be rigged in order for the PRI to win. After the Velvet Revolution Czechoslovakia eased into democratic elections and it continues to be a full democracy today while Mexico still struggles to obtain a democratic standing in the world.Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studie

Student profile Not involved in bullying: description based on gender stereotypes,parenting practices, cognitive-social strategies and food over-intake

Artículo publicado en anales de psicología. El objetivo de la investigación es identificar las características del alumnado que no participa en episodios de bullying (denominados no involucrados), en función de estereotipos de género, crianza; actitudes y estrategias cognitivas sociales y sobre-ingesta alimentaria. En el estudio participaron 1190 alumnos de educación básica.The objective of the research is to identify the characteristics of students who do not participate in bullying episodes (called “not in-volved”), in function of gender stereotypes, parenting styles; attitudes and social cognitive strategies and food intake. The study involved 1190 ele-mentary school students, from eleven public schools in the State of Mexi-co, Mexico. Quantitative research, with descriptive study and cross-sectional design. Data were collected from five instruments that measure the study variables: bullying, gender stereotypes, parenting styles, social cognitive strategies, food intake. The results identified five types of stu-dents (victims of school violence; victims of bullying; bully; double role and not involved), the contrasts for one-way ANOVA of a factor, identi-fied significant differences in the groups with respect to each of the varia-bles studied. It is concluded that students who do not engage in bullying episodes (not involved), have more health habits, more social skills that fa-cilitate adaptation to the social context, without identifying with traditional stereotypes such as traditional feminine and machismo. With regard to parenting, it is identified that they are not educated through ineffective parenting practices such as abuse. The results of this study describe defin-ing characteristics of students who do not engage in bullying episodes, which will be very useful for the development of prevention and interven-tion program

His, Hers, or Theirs? Coparenting After the Birth of a Second Child

This study examined changes in coparenting after the birth of a second child. Mothers and fathers from 241 two-parent families reported on their spouse’s coparenting cooperation and conflict with their firstborn child before (prenatal) and four months after the birth of a second child. Parents completed questionnaires (prenatal) on gender role attitudes, marital satisfaction, and firstborn children’s temperamental characteristics. Parents also reported on the secondborn infant’s temperament at 1 month following the birth of the second child. Coparenting conflict increased across the transition, whereas cooperation decreased. Couples in which fathers reported greater marital satisfaction were more cooperative 4 months after the birth. Firstborns’ difficult temperament contributed to less cooperative coparenting by both parents. When mothers had more traditional gender role beliefs, fathers engaged in more conflictual coparenting behavior, and when fathers had more traditional gender role beliefs, mothers engaged in more conflictual coparenting behavior. Mothers, but not fathers, engaged in more coparenting conflict regarding the firstborn when both the firstborn and infant sibling had difficult temperaments

Uncompromising Hunger for Justice: Resistance, Sacrifice, and LatCrit Theory

In this Article, three law professors report on and theorize a nonviolent direct-action campaign of the kind discussed by Dr. King in his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Using the basic steps of the nonviolent campaign as an organizing framework, they analyze and report on the 18-day hunger strike by the Frisco 5 (a.k.a., Frisco5). This direct action protested the extrajudicial killings of Amilcar Perez-Lopez, Alex Nieto, Luis Góngora-Pat, and Mario Woods by San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) officers and advocated for institutional change to reduce the risk of homicides against persons with similarly racialized minority-group identities. Two weeks after the Frisco 5’s 18-day hunger strike ended, San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee called for the resignation of SFPD Chief Greg Suhr. Before firing Chief Suhr, however, Mayor Ed Lee sought to subdue the pressure he felt as the result of the hunger strike by making a shallow peace offering of $17.5 million dollars towards police reform and violence prevention. First, Brenda Williams uses personal narrative to introduce and overview the Frisco 5 hunger strike, contrasting this direct action with how legal education often accedes to the racial inequities endemic to the criminal justice system of the United States. She asks, where does the hunger strike, as a tool for justice, fit into legal discourse? How does the hunger strike resist dominant legal paradigms that constrain a lawyer’s justice work to the courtroom rather than promote justice work by lawyers in collaboration with community members in the streets of the Mission District in San Francisco? Next, Edwin Lindo reports and reflects on his experience participating in the hunger strike as one of the Frisco 5. Also, he charts a partial history of hunger strikes and their legal significance. Finally, Marc-Tizoc González theorizes the Frisco 5 hunger strike within critical race theory (CRT) and Latina and Latino Critical Legal theory (LatCrit theory). He applies critical concepts and practices like counterstorytelling and testimonio, evokes the critical ethnic legal history de la comunidad Latina/o/x (of the Latina/o/x community), and briefly discusses the political and religious significance of people’s public uses of food under First Amendment freedoms (i.e., free exercise of religion, free speech, petition of government for redress, and peaceable assembly). He concludes by asserting that the Frisco 5 acted within a genealogy of struggle—a fictive kinship of people who have fasted individually and collectively, inside and outside of prison, to protest injustice and to advocate for institutional reform, within historically contingent socio-legal relations of power

Multicultural/Multilingual Issues in CSD Research Methods Coursework: A Neglected Topic?

Insufficient research training contributes to the current shortage of researchers in the field of speech-language pathology, but also to the dearth of multicultural and multilingual (MCML) research. There is limited information regarding how MCML issues are addressed in Research Methods courses in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD). One of the ways in which this problem can be addressed is to include MCML issues into CSD research methods courses. A survey, “Integration of MCML Issues in Research Coursework” was developed based on an in-depth literature review. The aim of the survey was to gain information from instructors by examining the extent to which MCML issues are included in their CSD research methods courses. A total of 56 instructors responded to the survey. In the survey, 41.03% respondents indicated that it was very important to include MCML issues but only 28.21% included this topic in their course objectives. Time constraints, curricula overload, and specific courses on MCML were most cited as reasons for not including MCML. 44.44% used Research Ethics and 27.78% used EBP as strategies to infuse MCML into courses. 61.11% had further interest in the topic. By addressing MCML issues and culturally responsive research in CSD research methods classes, it is hypothesized that future speech-language pathologists will be better equipped not only to provide evidence-based services to the diverse populations they serve, but also be better prepared to conduct research on these diverse populations

Gender role beliefs, work-family conflict, and father involvement after the birth of a second child

A major task for parents during the transition to second-time parenthood is to help their firstborn adjust to their new roles as siblings. Increased father involvement has been theorized to be protective for firstborn adjustment. Fathers, however, are under increasing pressure to balance both work and family responsibilities. Here we evaluate fathers’ relative involvement in two-child families as a function of family structure, gender role beliefs, and work-family conflict in 222 dual- and single-earner families from the Midwestern region of the United States after the birth of a second child. Couples reported on father involvement with firstborns and infants when the infants were 1, 4, 8, and 12 months old. On average, fathers increased their involvement with infants but decreased their involvement with firstborns. Dual-earner fathers were more involved with their children than single-earner fathers. Although mean levels of father involvement were different between dual- and single-earners, multi-group parallel process trajectory latent growth curve models revealed more similarities than differences between dual- and single-earners in processes guiding father involvement. Both dual- and single-earner fathers engaged in juggling childcare between children and both dual- and single-earner fathers’ involvement with infants was constrained by work-family conflict. Gender role beliefs predicted child care involvement for dual-earner, but not single-earner fathers: more egalitarian gender roles predicted greater involvement with the firstborn immediately after the birth of the second child. Results underscore the need for greater workplace support for fathers’ caregiving roles after the birth of an infant

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The Social and Developmental Dimensions of Drug Violence in Mexico 2006-2012

Drug violence in Mexico has claimed over 120,000 victims since it escalated in 2007. The government’s policy response has been driven by an emphasis on security and militarisation, but with a growing focus on social issues as part of its strategy since 2010. Given the government’s increasing emphasis on social and poverty issues in its drug enforcement strategy and the persistent high levels of drug violence, this thesis sets out to explore the under-researched social drivers of drug violence in order to understand the nature of the relationship between poverty, inequality and drug violence. In so doing, it introduces a distinctive framework for explaining the persistence of drug violence based on the argument that there is a misunderstood dimension in government policy frameworks, namely, the social and development contexts in which drug violence is embedded. The thesis contends that the government’s increasing focus on the social issues of drug violence is important, but its concentration on the issue of absolute poverty is misplaced. The thesis analysis finds that in terms of drug violence patterns, relative inequality seems to be more important than poverty. In order to develop this argument, the thesis uses a mixed methods approach to explore two sets of social conditions and trends in Mexico – poverty and inequality. In each case, the analysis uses quantitative indicators and qualitative interview material gathered during field research to explore the importance of each set of conditions in explaining the social dimensions of drug violence, and, in a second step, to assess their relative importance as explanatory factors. The quantitative analysis centres on indicators of development at the national and sub-national levels. The qualitative material, gathered from 23 semi-structured interviews with government officials, members of non-governmental organisations, former drug traffickers, academics and journalists draws from their experience to flesh out an understanding of the social and developmental context of drug violence within our case study of Monterrey. The findings of the thesis are counterintuitive and surprising, given dominant assumptions in the literature and policy debates about the relationship between drug violence, poverty and inequality. Contrary to these prevailing assumptions, the research findings indicate that the most drug-violent sub-national units are not the most impoverished, nor the most unequal. Instead, they frequently show the highest levels of development within their respective states, and throughout the country. The thesis draws on these findings to suggest a new way of understanding the relationship between violence and development, and specifically the dynamics of drug violence in Mexico. It suggests that such an understanding offers important wider policy implications for addressing the problem

Investigating the Impacts of Ammonium Phosphate-Based Fire Retardants on Cyanobacteria (Anabaena) Growth

In recent years the effects of climate change have taken a devastating toll on ecosystems around the world. With high temperatures and extreme droughts, wildfires have become increasingly common. In order to combat these natural disasters wildland firefighters, drop millions of gallons of fire retardant on public lands and forests. These fire retardants consist of between 80%-100% ammonium phosphate which are incredibly effective as fire suppressants yet is more commonly known for its use in fertilizer. Ammonium phosphate fertilizers can lead to stream eutrophication and undesirable environmental impacts. Our research aims to address the effects of fire retardant on growth in cyanobacteria, specifically Anabaena — a filamentous, nitrogen fixing genera common to North America and responsible for many of the large, toxic cyanobacteria blooms found during summer months. We hypothesized that fire retardant, which is made up of mostly ammonium phosphate, will act similarly to ammonium phosphate fertilizer and cause an increase in growth in Anabaena cultures grown in a lab environment. After a 11-day growth curve experiment, results showed no differences in growth between microcosms treated with ammonium phosphate or fire retardant, supporting the hypothesis that fire retardants can have similar effects to ammonium phosphate-based fertilizers when released in the environment