Optimal pre-merger notification mechanisms - incentives and efficiency of mandatory and voluntary schemes

The authors compare the two merger control systems currently employed worldwide: a mandatory system based on merger size threshold and a voluntary system with ex-post monitoring and fines. The voluntary system possesses two informational advantages: (i) the enforcement agency employs more information -verifiable and non verifiable parameters- to decide the set of mergers to investigate, and (ii) the first move of merging firms reveals useful information to the agency about the competitive risk of a merger. If fines for undue omission to notify are upward limited, then a mixed mechanism is optimal, where small transactions are under a voluntary regime while the big mergers are obliged to report. Remedies for fixing anticompetitive mergers act as an instrument that induces firms to notify the operation, improving further the advantage of the voluntary mechanism.Microfinance,Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress,Corporate Law,Economic Theory&Research,Small Scale Enterprise

A Decomposition Formula for the Multi-Soliton Solutions to the \u27Good\u27 Boussinesq Equation

In this thesis, we relate multi-soliton waves generated by the \u27good\u27 Boussinesq equation to the distribution functions in the classical linear Schrödinger equation. The linear Schrödinger equation describes the distribution of a particle or particles in a particular environment. The Schrödinger equation is linear, the superposition principle of the solutions, especially the eigenfunctions is nonlinear and we will show that we may observe similar behavior in the solutions of the Boussinesq equations for soliton waves. The work extends the study of two-soliton solutions to the Boussinesq equation to the case of three-soliton solutions. The methods can be easily extended to n-solitons

Partidos políticos y formulación de políticas: las percepciones de las militancias en México

¿Qué tan similares o diferentes son las percepciones de las militancias partidistas respecto de las relaciones de los partidos políticos y el gobierno en la formulación de políticas públicas? ¿Qué significan esas percepciones para la vida interna de los partidos y para el sistema político en general? Sobre la base de estas preguntas, el trabajo recaba, sistematiza e interpreta evidencia empírica sobre las expectativas de la militancia respecto de la formulación de políticas. Los resultados muestran que ante la presencia de ciertos componentes de identidad partidista se incrementa la probabilidad de que el militante piense que el gobierno debe formular políticas de acuerdo con la agenda programática del partido, es decir, recuperar el contenido de la plataforma electoral y el programa de acción. Independiente de si un partido está en el gobierno, sus militantes piensan que en la formación del gabinete deben prevalecer las trayectorias partidistas para seleccionar a los principales funcionarios públicos.¿Qué tan similares o diferentes son las percepciones de las militancias partidistas respecto de las relaciones de los partidos políticos y el gobierno en la formulación de políticas públicas? ¿Qué significan esas percepciones para la vida interna de los partidos y para el sistema político en general? Sobre la base de estas preguntas, el trabajo recaba, sistematiza e interpreta evidencia empírica sobre las expectativas de la militancia respecto de la formulación de políticas. Los resultados muestran que ante la presencia de ciertos componentes de identidad partidista se incrementa la probabilidad de que el militante piense que el gobierno debe formular políticas de acuerdo con la agenda programática del partido, es decir, recuperar el contenido de la plataforma electoral y el programa de acción. Independiente de si un partido está en el gobierno, sus militantes piensan que en la formación del gabinete deben prevalecer las trayectorias partidistas para seleccionar a los principales funcionarios públicos

The deadweight loss in competition litigation seen from compensation and deterrence perspective:lessons from a Chilean price-fixing cartel

Competition law enforcement is continuously being fine-tuned to serve two important goals: compensation and deterrence. This is true for the European Union, where the discussions about this balancing exercise are far from final and also for other parts of the world. This article focuses on a currently neglected damage component in litigation and its potential in this regard: the deadweight loss. It emerges for those consumers at the end of the supply chain that would have bought the product at the market price but for the cartel but do not acquire it at the cartelized price (anymore). Importantly, this article will outline how it can simultaneously serve both, the compensation and deterrence goals. It is a challenging damage component. However, a Chilean court in 2019 awarded final consumers compensation for the deadweight loss that others suffered aside from the price mark-up that some paid. The article exemplifies what aspects of Chilean law enabled this judgment and briefly assesses the latest European developments in collective redress in this regard

Updated determination of the solar neutrino fluxes from solar neutrino data

We present an update of the determination of the solar neutrino fluxes from a global analysis of the solar and terrestrial neutrino data in the framework of three-neutrino mixing. Using a Bayesian analysis we reconstruct the posterior probability distribution function for the eight normalization parameters of the solar neutrino fluxes plus the relevant masses and mixing, with and without imposing the luminosity constraint. We then use these results to compare the description provided by different Standard Solar Models. Our results show that, at present, both models with low and high metallicity can describe the data with equivalent statistical agreement. We also argue that even with the present experimental precision the solar neutrino data have the potential to improve the accuracy of the solar model predictions.Comment: 20 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0910.458

Pricing in Integrated Heat and Power Markets

There is a growing interest in the integration of energy infrastructures to increase systems' flexibility and reduce operational costs. The most studied case is the synergy between electric and heating networks. Even though integrated heat and power markets can be described by a convex optimization problem, prices derived from dual values do not guarantee cost recovery. In this work, a two-step approach is presented for the calculation of the optimal energy dispatch and prices. The proposed methodology guarantees cost-recovery for each of the energy vectors and revenue-adequacy for the integrated market.Comment: Presented at the conference MEDPOWER 202

Methylation of the Gpat2 promoter regulates transient expression during mouse spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process that involves both mitotic and meiotic divisions, as well as cellular differentiation to yield mature spermatozoa from undifferentiated germinal stem cells. Although Gpat2 was originally annotated as a glycerol-3-phospate acyltransferase by sequence homology to Gpat1 , GPAT2 is highly expressed in testis but not in lipogenic tissues and is not up-regulated during adipocyte differentiation. New data show that GPAT2 is required for the synthesis of piRNAs, a group of small RNAs that protect the germ cell genome from retrotransposable elements. In order to understand the relationship between GPAT2 and its role in the testis, we focused on Gpat2 expression during the first wave of mouse spermatogenesis. Gpat2 expression was analyzed by qPCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Gpat2 mRNA content and protein expression were maximal at 15 dpp and restricted to pachytene spermatocytes. To achieve this transient expression, both epigenetic mechanisms and trans-acting factors are involved. In vitro assays showed that Gpat2 expression correlates with DNA demethylation and histone acetylation and that it is up-regulated by retinoic acid. Epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation was confirmed in vivo in germ cells by bisulfite sequencing of the Gpat2 promoter. Consistent with the initiation of meiosis at 11 dpp, methylation decreased dramatically. Thus, Gpat2 is expressed at a specific stage of spermatogenesis, consistent with piRNA synthesis and meiosis I prophase, and its on-off expression pattern responds predominantly to epigenetic modifications.Fil: Garcia Fabiani, Maria Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Montanaro, Mauro Aldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Lacunza, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Cattaneo, Elizabeth Renee. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Coleman, Rosalind A.. University of North Carolina; Estados UnidosFil: Pellon Maison, Magali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez-Baró; MR. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata ; Argentin