Comentarios del artículo: “Niveles de sedentarismo de una institución educativa en Popayán, Colombia”

Sr. Editor, recientemente leímos con interés el artículo publicado en la Revista Universidad y Salud en su volumen 21, número 3, denominado “Niveles de sedentarismo de una institución educativa en Popayán, Colombia, cuyo objetivo fue “determinar los niveles de sedentarismo de los estudiantes de una Institución Educativa de Popayán-Colombia”(1). Felicitamos a los autores por el gran valor y alta pertinencia del artículo en general, cuyos resultados contribuyen a elevar el nivel de conocimiento respecto a los niveles de sedentarismo relacionado a variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas y estilos de vida en niños y adolescentes, sin embargo, con el objetivo de aportar mayor e importante información nos gustaría exponer algunas reflexiones y complementar la información entregada a partir de los resultados, la discusión que se despliega del trabajo y la conclusión de este. Para realizar nuestros comentarios, nos permitimos en la Tabla 1, describir la clasificación para el Índice de Masa corporal (IMC), Circunferencia de Cintura (CC) e Índice Cintura/Cadera (ICC) según los estudios FUPRECOL sobre valores referenciales para escolares de Bogotá-Colombia(2,3)

Perfil morfológico en levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile

Introducción: En la halterofilia los perfiles antropométricos permiten una mejor planificación y ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo: Describir y comparar según sexo, el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Participaron 40 adultos levantadores de pesas. La evaluación antropométrica fue realizada utilizando el protocolo de medición y marcaje de la Sociedad Internacional de Avances en Cineantropometría; método pentacompartimental de Ross y Kerr y somatotipo de Heath-Carter. Se aplicó la T de Student para muestras independientes y U Mann-Whitney para comparar características antropométricas entre grupos. El poder estadístico y el tamaño efecto se calculó con “d” de Cohen. Resultados: Existen diferencias significativas entre grupos, para masa muscular relativa (p=0,003; d=0,96) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=2,42); masa adiposa relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,46); masa ósea absoluta (p≤0,001; d=1,41); masa piel relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,96) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=0,97); masa residual relativa (p=0,006; d=1,08) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=2,09), mientras que la distribución del somatotipo clasifica al grupo masculino como Endo-Mesomorfo y al femenino como Mesomorfo–Endomorfo, observando diferencias significativas en el mesomorfismo (p≤0,001; d=1,48). Conclusiones: Existe un predominio del somatotipo mesomórfico, existiendo diferencias significativas en los componentes de composición corporal

A Proof-Of-Principle Study of Epigenetic Therapy Added to Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin Cyclophosphamide for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: Aberrant DNA methylation and histone deacetylation participate in cancer development and progression; hence, their reversal by inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylases (HDACs) is at present undergoing clinical testing in cancer therapy. As epigenetic alterations are common to breast cancer, in this proof-of-concept study demethylating hydralazine, plus the HDAC inhibitor magnesium valproate, were added to neoadjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in locally advanced breast cancer to assess their safety and biological efficacy. METHODOLOGY: This was a single-arm interventional trial on breast cancer patients (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00395655). After signing informed consent, patients were typed for acetylator phenotype and then treated with hydralazine at 182 mg for rapid-, or 83 mg for slow-acetylators, and magnesium valproate at 30 mg/kg, starting from day –7 until chemotherapy ended, the latter consisting of four cycles of doxorubicin 60 mg/m(2) and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m(2) every 21 days. Core-needle biopsies were taken from primary breast tumors at diagnosis and at day 8 of treatment with hydralazine and valproate. MAIN FINDINGS: 16 patients were included and received treatment as planned. All were evaluated for clinical response and toxicity and 15 for pathological response. Treatment was well-tolerated. The most common toxicity was drowsiness grades 1–2. Five (31%) patients had clinical CR and eight (50%) PR for an ORR of 81%. No patient progressed. One of 15 operated patients (6.6%) had pathological CR and 70% had residual disease <3 cm. There was a statistically significant decrease in global 5(m)C content and HDAC activity. Hydralazine and magnesium valproate up- and down-regulated at least 3-fold, 1,091 and 89 genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hydralazine and magnesium valproate produce DNA demethylation, HDAC inhibition, and gene reactivation in primary tumors. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide treatment is safe, well-tolerated, and appears to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. A randomized phase III study is ongoing to support the efficacy of so-called epigenetic or transcriptional cancer therapy

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Patrones de conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional en estudiantes universitarios tras dos años de educación en línea

Fundamento: La población estudiantil universitaria es particularmente vulnerable a adquirir estilos de conducta alimentaria poco saludables producto de factores como la inadecuada nutrición y el elevado sedentarismo generado por causa de la elevada carga académica y poco tiempo libre, cuyo resultado conlleva potenciales riesgos para la salud.Objetivo: Describir y comparar el patrón de conducta alimentaria y estado nutricional en estudiantes de sexto año de la carrera de Odontología impartida por la Universidad Andrés Bello, sede Concepción luego de dos años de educación online por COVID-19.Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra se conformó por 18 estudiantes universitarios con un promedio de edad de 24,94 ± 1,95 años clasificados como eutróficos (21,92 ± 1,27 km/m2) y con sobrepeso (28,13 ± 1,53 km/m2), presentando ambos grupos hábitos alimentarios suficientes (12,27 ± 1,43 puntos). Se aplicó la Encuesta de Conductas y Hábitos Alimentarios en Educación Superior y se realizó una comparación entre grupos según estado nutricional determinado por el Índice de Masa Corporal.Resultados: Solo se observó diferencias medias significativas entre grupos para la preocupación alimentaria (p= 0,009).Conclusión: La preocupación alimentaria sugiere un interés por el autocuidado. Se requieren otros estudios que expliquen todas las variables moduladoras de la conducta alimentaria con el objetivo de promover espacios universitarios que conlleven la concientización de estilos de vida saludables luego de dos años de educación superior online producto de la pandemia COVID-19.</p

Actividad física y variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. Revisión narrativa

The metabolic syndrome is not clearly defined, however, it considers a group of disorders that can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type II diabetes. Currently its prevention and treatment has focused on reducing body weight through pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Regarding the latter, physical activity has been postulated as an effective way to improve risk factors related to the metabolic syndrome and autonomic balance. However, there is still no consensus about the effect of physical activity on the mechanisms of autonomic control in the metabolic syndrome. For this reason, the objective of this review was to describe the mechanisms that evidence the effect of physical activity as a measure of autonomic control in patients with metabolic syndrome. In this context, this review indicates that physical activity can restore the autonomic imbalance related to the metabolic syndrome, but, other studies are required to try to explain all the conditions to which the autonomic balance responds.A síndrome metabólica não está claramente definida, no entanto, considera um grupo de perturbações que podem aumentar o risco de doença cardíaca, AVC, e diabetes tipo II. Atualmente, a sua prevenção e tratamento tem-se concentrado na redução do peso corporal através de terapias farmacológicas e não farmacológicas. Relativamente a esta última, a atividade física foi postulada como uma forma eficaz de melhorar os fatores de risco relacionados com a síndrome metabólica e o equilíbrio autonómico; contudo, ainda não existe consenso sobre o efeito da atividade física nos mecanismos de controlo autonómico da síndrome metabólica. Por esta razão, esta revisão visa descrever os mecanismos que evidenciam o efeito da atividade física como medida de controlo autonómico em pacientes com síndrome metabólica. Neste contexto, esta revisão sugere que a atividade física pode restaurar o desequilíbrio autonómico relacionado com a síndrome metabólica, mas são necessários outros estudos para tentar explicar todas as condições às quais o equilíbrio autonómico responde.El síndrome metabólico considera a un grupo de trastornos que aumentan el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. En este sentido, la prevención y tratamiento han centrado a la actividad física como un método eficaz para restaurar la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco y disminuir los riesgos sobre la salud. Esta revisión se planteó como objetivo describir el comportamiento de la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco frente a la práctica de actividad física en pacientes con síndrome metabólico. El síndrome metabólico se ha relacionado con un predominio simpático y una retirada parasimpática que presenta un riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que puede ser restaurada con la práctica regular de actividad física. La actividad física puede restaurar la variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco relacionada al síndrome metabólico, no obstante, se requieren de otros estudios que intenten explicar todas las condiciones a las que responde el balance autonómico