Gut microbiota transplantation drives the adoptive transfer of colonic genotype-phenotype characteristics between mice lacking catestatin and their wild type counterparts

The gut microbiota is in continuous interaction with the intestinal mucosa via metabolic, neuro-immunological, and neuroendocrine pathways. Disruption in levels of antimicrobial peptides produced by the enteroendocrine cells, such as catestatin, has been associated with changes in the gut microbiota and imbalance in intestinal homeostasis. However, whether the changes in the gut microbiota have a causational role in intestinal dyshomeostasis has remained elusive. To this end, we performed reciprocal fecal microbial transplantation in wild-type mice and mice with a knockout in the catestatin coding region of the chromogranin-A gene (CST-KO mice). Combined microbiota phylogenetic profiling, RNA sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy were employed. Fecal microbiota transplantation from mice deficient in catestatin (CST-KO) to microbiota-depleted wild-type mice induced transcriptional and physiological features characteristic of a distorted colon in the recipient animals, including impairment in tight junctions, as well as an increased collagen area fraction indicating colonic fibrosis. In contrast, fecal microbiota transplantation from wild-type mice to microbiota-depleted CST-KO mice reduced collagen fibrotic area, restored disrupted tight junction morphology, and altered fatty acid metabolism in recipient CST-KO mice. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the murine metabolic- and immune-related cellular pathways and processes that are co-mediated by the fecal microbiota transplantation and supports a prominent role for the gut microbiota in the colonic distortion associated with the lack of catestatin in mice. Overall, the data show that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of features of intestinal inflammation and metabolic disorders, known to be associated with altered levels of catestatin and may, thus, provide a tractable target in the treatment and prevention of these disorders

The relationships between narrative abilities and executive functions in childhood: A systematic review

Las Funciones Ejecutivas y las Habilidades Narrativas son predictores relevantes del desempeño académico, pero sabemos muy poco sobre su relación. Este estudio se propuso revisar sistemáticamente investigaciones que abordan la relación entre Funciones Ejecutivas y Habilidades Narrativas en niños de desarrollo típico. Siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, se realizaron búsquedas en las bases SCOPUS, WoS y EBSCO, incluyendo artículos académicos, en español, inglés, portugués y francés, considerando tres criterios de inclusión: evaluación directa de los constructos Habilidades Narrativas y Funciones Ejecutivas y su relación, inclusión de información sobre población con desarrollo típico y foco en la franja etaria de 2 a 10 años. La revisión incluyó 38 reportes que mostraron que la asociación entre ambos constructos es un fenómeno robusto. Se observa un predominio de estudios transeccionales. Se requieren estudios longitudinales, con muestras más diversas, y en especial para el español, que permitan establecer la direccionalidad de la relación.It is well known that Executive Functions and Narrative Abilities are relevant predictors of academic success. Despite that, we know so far very little about their relationship. In this study, we present a systematic review of the corpus of research that addresses the relationship between Executive Functions and Narrative Abilities in typically developing children. Following the PRISMA methodological guidelines, we searched the SCOPUS, WOS, and EBSCO databases for academic articles in Spanish, English, Portuguese and French. Eligibility criteria were as follows: direct assessment of EF and NA and the relationships between them; information about typically developing children population; and age range from 2 to 10 years old. A total of 38 studies -predominantly cross-sectional- were included. They revealed that the association between both constructs is a robust phenomenon. Longitudinal studies are required in order to accurately determine the directionality of the relationship between NA and EF. These should include a more diversified collection of samples, particularly for the Spanish language.Fil: Moreira Tricot, K.. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Tomás Llerena, Clementina. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Vercellino Dessent, Valentina. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Rivera Ibaceta, Johanna. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Dávila Sasía, Pamela. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Quiles, Sthefani. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Tresso González, Florencia. Universidad de la Republica. Facultad de Psicologia.; UruguayFil: Rosemberg, Celia Renata. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi; Argentin

Radiaciones ionizantes y su impacto Primer Simposio Internacional sobre Medioambiente (ISE 2017)

Son ya varias las décadas en las que en América Latina se ha trabajado arduamente sobre las radiaciones ionizantes; tanto en las ionizantes directas, tales como las partículas beta positivas y negativas, las partículas alfa, los protones, los mesones cargados, los muones y los iones pesados, así como también en las ionizantes indirectas (las producidas por partículas sin cargas), como las generadas por fotones con energías superiores a los 10 keV y los neutrones. Por otro lado, las radiaciones no ionizantes también han sido objeto de detallados estudios, y muy especialmente las provenientes del Sol, como el factor natural más influyente sobre la Tierra. En esta obra se presentan algunos de los avances en los que han participado reconocidos científicos latinoamericanos, como el Dr. Héctor Vega Carrillo, Dr. Daniel Palacios, Dra. Patrizia Pereyra, Dra. Sheila Serrano, y el Dr. Manuel Ernesto Delgado, entre otros. Esta obra puede ser de interés para profesionales del área de la protección radiológica, la ingeniería ambiental, física de la atmósfera y áreas afines, así como para estudiantes

Ecos de la academia: Revista de la Facultad de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología - FECYT Nro 6

Ecos de la academia, Revista de la Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología es una publicación científica de la Universidad Técnica del Norte, con revisión por pares a doble ciego que publica artículos en idioma español, quichua, portugués e inglés. Se edita con una frecuencia semestral con dos números por año.En ella se divulgan trabajos originales e inéditos generados por los investigadores, docentes y estudiantes de la FECYT, y contribuciones de profesionales de instituciones docentes e investigativas dentro y fuera del país, con calidad, originalidad y relevancia en las áreas de ciencias sociales y tecnología aplicada.Modelos multidimensionales del bienestar en contextos de enseñanza- aprendizaje: una revisión sistemática. Nuevas tendencias para el área académica de la Publicidad en la zona 1 del Ecuador. Propuesta de un curso de escritura académica bajo la base de modelos experienciales. Aproximación al estudio de las emociones. Seguimiento a egresados y graduados para actualizar el perfil de egreso y profesional. Impacto de la Gerencia de Calidad en el clima organizacional en Educación Básica. Comunicación efectiva del gerente educativo orientada al manejo de conflictos en el personal docente. Meritocracia: Democratización o exclusión en el acceso a la educación superior en Ecuador. Asertividad y desempeño académico en estudiantes universitarios. La creatividad en la formación profesional. Aspectos metodológicos en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de la gimnasia en estudiantes de Educación Física. English Language Learning Interaction through Web 2.0 Technologies. La sistematización de la práctica educativa y su relación con la metodología de la investigación. El ozono y la oxigenación hiperbárica: una vía para mejorar la recuperación en lesiones deportivas. La labor tutorial: Independencia del aprendizaje en el contexto universitario. Motivación hacia la profesión docente en la Enseñanza Secundaria. El uso académico de Facebook y WhatsApp en estudiantes universitarios... La educación superior en Ecuador: situación actual y factores de mejora de la calidad. El Proyecto de Investigación “Imbabura Étnica”

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Catestatin selects for colonization of antimicrobial-resistant gut bacterial communities

The gut microbiota is in continuous interaction with the innermost layer of the gut, namely the epithelium. One of the various functions of the gut epithelium, is to keep the microbes at bay to avoid overstimulation of the underlying mucosa immune cells. To do so, the gut epithelia secrete a variety of antimicrobial peptides, such as chromogranin A (CgA) peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372). As a defense mechanism, gut microbes have evolved antimicrobial resistance mechanisms to counteract the killing effect of the secreted peptides. To this end, we treated wild-type mice and CST knockout (CST-KO) mice (where only the 63 nucleotides encoding CST have been deleted) with CST for 15 consecutive days. CST treatment was associated with a shift in the diversity and composition of the microbiota in the CST-KO mice. This effect was less prominent in WT mice. Levels of the microbiota-produced short-chain fatty acids, in particular, butyrate and acetate were significantly increased in CST-treated CST-KO mice but not the WT group. Both CST-treated CST-KO and WT mice showed a significant increase in microbiota-harboring phosphoethanolamine transferase-encoding genes, which facilitate their antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we show that CST was degraded by Escherichia coli via an omptin-protease and that the abundance of this gene was significantly higher in metagenomic datasets collected from patients with Crohn's disease but not with ulcerative colitis. Overall, this study illustrates how the endogenous antimicrobial peptide, CST, shapes the microbiota composition in the gut and primes further research to uncover the role of bacterial resistance to CST in disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease

Butyrate mediates anti-inflammatory effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in intestinal epithelial cells through Dact3

International audienceThe commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii plays a key role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis and serves as a general health biomarker in humans. However, the host molecular mechanisms that underlie its anti-inflammatory effects remain unknown. In this study we performed a transcriptomic approach on human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) stimulated with TNF-α and exposed to F. prausnitzii culture supernatant (SN) in order to determine the impact of this commensal bacterium on intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, modulation of the most upregulated gene after F. prausnitzii SN contact was validated both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that F. prausnitzii SN upregulates the expression of Dact3, a gene linked to the Wnt/JNK pathway. Interestingly, when we silenced Dact3 expression, the effect of F. prausnitzii SN was lost. Butyrate was identified as the F. prausnitzii effector responsible for Dact3 modulation. Dact3 upregulation was also validated in vivo in both healthy and inflamed mice treated with either F. prausnitzii SN or the live bacteria, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated by colon transcriptomics that gut microbiota directly influences Dact3 expression. This study provides new clues about the host molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of the beneficial commensal bacterium F. prausnitzii

Psychosocial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Adult Population of Buenos Aires

Background: In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus a pandemic, andsince then a remarkably large psychological experiment has been carried out in the world: social isolation.Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of social isolation on healthy habits and psychosocial and behavioralaspects during the confinement and restrictions imposed by the pandemic in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (AMBA).Methods: An anonymous survey, excluding medical personnel, was carried out through social networks (WhatsApp, Instagram,Facebook and e-mail).Results: Within 7 days of sending the link 2,912 people answered the survey. Age was between 40 and 60 years in 48.2% ofparticipants, with a predominance of women. In 43.53% of cases, respondents perceived changes in their lifestyle, such as atwofold increase of hours in front of electronic devices during quarantine. This was accompanied by a more sedentary lifestyle,since 83.5% exercised before the pandemic but only 6.4% maintained the prior hours of weekly physical activity. Altered eatinghabits was reported by 43.52% of participants and 41% referred symptoms compatible with depression, anxiety, sadness,unwillingness or hopelessness.Conclusions: Our study suggests that psychological wellbeing and healthy habits are threatened by confinement in the face ofthe COVID-19 pandemic, so it is necessary to implement measures to prevent consequences in our population.Introducción: En marzo de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declaró a la enfermedad SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus una pandemia; desde ese momento se lleva a cabo un experimento psicológico notablemente grande en el mundo: el aislamiento social. Objetivos: Analizar la repercusión del aislamiento social sobre los hábitos saludables y aspectos psicosociales y conductuales durante el confinamiento y las restricciones impuestas por la pandemia en el área metropolitana de buenos aires (AMBA). Material y métodos: Se confeccionó una encuesta anónima difundida por redes sociales (WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, e-Mail) excluyendo al personal médico. Resultados: Contestaron la encuesta 2912 personas en 7 días de enviado el link; el 48,2% de los participantes se encontraba entre los 40 y 60 años y en su mayoría eran mujeres. El 43,53% percibieron modificaciones en sus hábitos de vida,  como el aumento en las horas frente a dispositivos electrónicos que se duplicó en la cuarentena. Esto se acompaña de mayor sedentarismo, siendo que el 83,5% hacían ejercicio antes de la pandemia, pero sólo el 6,4% mantuvo la cantidad de horas de ejercicio semanales previas.  El 43,52% presentó alteración en sus hábitos alimenticios y el 41% refirió síntomas compatibles con depresión, ansiedad, tristeza, falta de voluntad o desesperanza. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio sugiere que el bienestar psicológico y los hábitos saludables son amenazados por el confinamiento ante la pandemia del COVID-19 por lo que es preciso implementar medidas para prevenir consecuencias en nuestra población

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present