¿Qué tecnologías están siendo aplicadas en La Guajira (Colombia) para la recolección y distribución de agua?

Within this article we take a brief look at the water situation in Guajira (Colombia). We talk about the available water resource and its rationing for the support of the community. We also present a small historical review to know the origin of the inconveniences related to water in the territory. The technologies used to obtain drinking water are then discussed. First, we describe the drinking water wells that are not an applied technology, but they are one of the main sources of supply, and are still being installed throughout the region. Secondly we will see the water desalination system, its application in this territory and its different methods and techniques developed, and as the latest technology is the Warka wáter, an ambitious project but little applied due to the climatic and geographical conditions of the territory.Dentro de este artículo damos un breve vistazo a la situación del agua en la Guajira (Colombia). Se habla del recurso hídrico disponible y su racionamiento para el sostenimiento de la comunidad. También se presenta una pequeña reseña histórica para conocer el origen de los inconvenientes relacionados con el agua en el territorio. Luego se habla de las tecnologías usadas para la obtención de agua potable. Primero se describen los pozos de agua potable que no son una tecnología aplicada, pero son una de las principales fuentes de abastecimiento, y aun en la actualidad están siendo instalados por toda la región. En segundo lugar veremos el sistema de desalinización de agua, su aplicación en este territorio y sus diferentes métodos y técnicas desarrolladas, y como última tecnología está el Warka wáter un proyecto ambicioso pero poco aplicado por las condiciones climáticas y geográficas del territorio

ABASTECIMIENTO DE NITRÓGENO EN LISIANTHUS (Eustoma grandiflorum [Raf.] Shinn) CV. ABC2 LAVANDA

Lisianthus is a species of high economic value due to the attractiveness of its flower, variety of colors and prolonged vase life. However, there is little information regarding its nutrient demands, especially nitrogen. Nitrogen is quantitatively the most important nutrient for the growth of plants. The objectives of the present study were to define nitrogen concentration for optimum growth and quality of lisianthus cv. ABC2 Lavender, to elaborate the curve of nutritional supply of nitrogen to determine the sufficiency concentration, and to determine the distribution of this element within the plant. Lisianthus liners were established in 10 L black polyethylene bags filled with volcanic rock of 3 mm in diameter. The treatments consisted of increasing concentrations of nitrogen: control (no nitrogen), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 meq L-1; the reminder nutrients were supplied based on Steiner´s nutrient solution formulation. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design. The results indicated that for optimum leaf area, height, number of flower buds, dry weight and time to flowering, the best treatment was 6 meq L-1 of nitrogen. Concentrations lower than 6 meq L-1 and higher than 15 meq L-1 caused growth reduction. According to the models for nitrogen supply, the sufficiency range was between 6.4 and 7.4 meq L-1, which was associated with a shoot nitrogen concentration of 1.5% to 1.7%, which we proposed as nitrogen sufficiency values for this cultivar. The order of accumulation of biomass was: shoot>flowers>root; the order of accumulation of nitrogen was: flowers>shoot>root.El lisianthus es una especie con alto potencial económico por lo atractivo de la flor, variedad de colores y duración en florero. Sin embargo, existe poca información en cuanto a sus necesidades nutrimentales, sobre todo de nitrógeno, que es cuantitativamente, el nutrimento más importante para el crecimiento de las plantas. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron: establecer la dosis de nitrógeno que se relacione con el mejor crecimiento y calidad de lisianthus cv. ABC2 Lavanda, elaborar la curva de abastecimiento nutrimental de nitrógeno para determinar la concentración de suficiencia y conocer la distribución de este elemento en la planta. El cultivo se estableció en bolsas de polietileno negro de 10 L de capacidad con tezontle de 3 mm de diámetro. Los tratamientos consistieron en dosis crecientes de nitrógeno: testigo (sin nitrógeno), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 y 18 meq L-1, los demás nutrimentos se abastecieron con base en la solución nutritiva de Steiner. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. Los resultados obtenidos en las variables área foliar, altura, número de botones florales, acumulación de peso seco y duración del ciclo del cultivo, mostraron que el mejor tratamiento fue el de 6 meq L-1 de N en la solución nutritiva. Las dosis menores a 6 y mayores a 15 meq L-1 de N, causaron reducción en dichas variables. De acuerdo con las curvas modeladas de abastecimiento nutrimental, el rango de suficiencia se ubicó entre 6.4 y 7.4 meq L-1 de N en la solución nutritiva, que correspondieron al intervalo de concentración en la parte aérea de 1.5% a 1.7%, los que se proponen como valores de suficiencia de nitrógeno para este cultivar. El orden de acumulación de biomasa fue: tallo con hojas>flor>raíz y de acumulación de nitrógeno fue: flores>tallo con hojas>raíz

RESPUESTA DE LISIANTHUS (Eustoma grandiflorum [Raf.] Shinn) CV. ECHO BLUE A DIFERENTES DOSIS DE NITRÓGENO

Lisianthus is an ornamental species that is little known in Mexico, probably because it is not widely cultivated by flower growers; due to its attractive flowers and extended vase-life it has been well received by consumers and it is gaining an important status in the cut flower market. Adequate nutrition plays a key role to sustain plant growth and development; however, research on mineral nutrition on lisianthus is scarce. The objectives of the present study were to determine the response of lisianthus to varying concentrations of nitrogen (N) in the nutrient solution, to determine the N concentration associated with higher quality of cut flowers, and to define the distribution of dry mass and nutrients in the different plant parts. Using a completely randomized experimental design and mean comparison according to Tukey’s procedure (P?0.05%) the effect of N concentration in the nutrient solution (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 500, and 600 mg L-1) was evaluated on growth, nutrient status, dry mass and mineral nutrient distribution. Plants grown with solutions containing N at 100 and 250 mg L-1 exhibited the best growth, biomass accumulation and floral bud number. These nitrogen concentrations improved plant concentrations of P, K, Ca and Mg, and they impacted dry mass and nutrient distribution in plants. Dry mass distribution exhibited the following ranking: stems>leaves>roots=flowers.El lisianthus es una especie poco cultivada en México, que gracias a la elegancia de sus flores y larga conservación en florero ha logrado una adecuada aceptación en el mercado, por lo que día a día adquiere mayor importancia dentro de la horticultura ornamental. La nutrición es un factor fundamentalpara soportar el desarrollo del cultivo, pero las investigaciones al respecto son escasas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar la respuesta de lisianthus a diferentes dosis de nitrógeno, establecer las concentraciones relacionadas con la mayor calidad del cultivo y conocer la distribución de materia seca y nutrimentos en la planta. Bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar, acompañado de una prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey (P?0.05%), se evaluó el efecto de 10 dosis de N (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 500 y 600 mg L-1) en la solución nutritiva, sobre el crecimiento, estado nutrimental de la planta, distribución de materia seca y de nutrimentos. Las dosis entre 100 y 250 mg L-1 de N presentaron las plantas con la mejor respuesta en crecimiento, acumulación de biomasa y número de botones florales. Estas dosis de N mejoraron el contenido en la planta de P, K, Ca y Mg e influyeron en la distribución de materia seca y de nutrimentos en la planta. El orden de acumulación de materia seca fue: tallo>hoja>raíz=flor

Docencia de arquitectura orientada a servicios

Este trabajo presenta los contenidos del curso “Web 2.0: Arquitectura Orientada a Servicios en Java” de la Escuela de Posgrado de la Universidad de Granada. El objetivo del curso es familiarizar al alumno con la programación de ServiciosWeb. Dada la gran variedad de técnicas disponibles para utilizar Arquitectura Orientada a Servicios, se presentan los siguientes temas: utilización de protocolos bien definidos para comunicación y contrato (SOAP y WSDL), creación de Web Services con JAX-WS y orquestación de ServiciosWeb con BPEL. Al final del curso, el alumno será capaz de crear, utilizar y mantener Servicios Web para el desarrollo de aplicaciones interempresariales, utilizando servicios creados o ya disponibles en la web, así como la orquestación lógica de los mismos.SUMMARY: This work presents the contents of the course “Web 2.0: Service Oriented Architecture on Java” from the Graduate School of the University of Granada. The course objective is to familarize students with Web Services programming. Due to the wide variety of available technologies, several subjects are presented: the usage of well-defined protocols to contract and communication (SOAP and WSDL), web services creation using JAX-WS, and service orchestration with BPEL. At the end of the course, students will be capable to create, use and manage Web Services for business applications, using new or available services in the web, and also their logical orchestration.Peer Reviewe

The nuclear and extended infrared emission of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 2992 and the interacting system Arp 245

We present subarcsecond resolution infrared (IR) imaging and mid-IR spectroscopic observations of the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy NGC 2992, obtained with the Gemini North Telescope and the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC). The N-band image reveals faint extended emission out to ~3 kpc, and the PAH features detected in the GTC/CanariCam 7.5-13 micron spectrum indicate that the bulk of this extended emission is dust heated by star formation. We also report arcsecond resolution MIR and far-IR imaging of the interacting system Arp 245, taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory. Using these data, we obtain nuclear fluxes using different methods and find that we can only recover the nuclear fluxes obtained from the subarcsecond data at 20-25 micron, where the AGN emission dominates. We fitted the nuclear IR spectral energy distribution of NGC 2992, including the GTC/CanariCam nuclear spectrum (~50 pc), with clumpy torus models. We then used the best-fitting torus model to decompose the Spitzer/IRS 5-30 spectrum (~630 pc) in AGN and starburst components, using different starburst templates. We find that, whereas at shorter mid-IR wavelengths the starburst component dominates (64% at 6 micron), the AGN component reaches 90% at 20 micron. We finally obtained dust masses, temperatures and star formation rates for the different components of the Arp 245 system and find similar values for NGC 2992 and NGC 2993. These measurements are within those reported for other interacting systems in the first stages of the interaction.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, accepted by MNRA

Laparoscopic surgery of vesicovaginal fistula: results of a multi institutional experience

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo.Introduction: Vesico-vaginal fistula is a rare complication of gynecologic surgery, with a high rate of surgical resolution O'Conor open technique. Aim: To report the results of a multi-institutional experience in laparoscopic repair of vesico-vaginal fistula. Material and Methods: Between January 2006 and June 2011, 21 laparoscopic vesico-vaginal fistula were performed. The surgical technique, demographic variables and results are described. Results: The mean age was 45.6 years. The average time between the diagnosis of the fistula and the laparoscopic repair was 15.23 months. The mean total operative time (bladder and laparoscopic) was 153.12 minutes and the average hospital stay was 2.7 days. The average time of bladder catheter was 9.4 days. There was a minimal recurrence of a fistula, repaired by a vaginal approach. Urethrocystography revealed indemnity of the repair in the other 20 cases. The overall success rate was 95.2% (20 out of 21 patients) Conclusions: The laparoscopic approach follows all principles for repair of a vesico-vaginal fistulas. It look like a good alternative in the hands of experienced surgeons. Key words: Vesicovaginal fistula, hysterectomy, complications, laparoscopy, O'Conor.Introducción: La fístula vesico-vaginal es una complicación infrecuente de la cirugía ginecológica, con alta tasa de resolución quirúrgica con la técnica abierta tradicional de O'Conor. Objetivo: Comunicar los resultados de una experiencia multi-institucional en la reparación laparoscópica de las fístulas vesico-vaginales. Material y Método: Entre enero de 2006 y junio de 2011 se realizaron 21 reparaciones de fístulas vesico-vaginales por vía laparoscópica. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica y se analizan las variables demográficas, quirúrgicas y resultados de la serie. Resultados: La edad media de las pacientes fue de 45,6 años. El tiempo promedio transcurrido entre el diagnóstico de la fistula y su reparación laparoscópica fue de 15,23 meses. El tiempo quirúrgico medio total (vesical y laparoscópico) fue de 153,12 min y el de hospitalización 2,7 días. El tiempo promedio de catéter uretro-vesical fue de 9,4 días. Hubo una mínima recidiva de una fístula, la cual fue reparada por vía vaginal. El control radiológico mediante cistografía reveló indemnidad de la reparación en el resto de los casos. La tasa global de éxito fue de 95,2% (20 de 21 pacientes) Conclusiones: El abordaje laparoscópico permite cumplir con todos los principios para la reparación de las fístulas vesico-vaginales. La reducción de la morbilidad y la eficacia del procedimiento, lo transforman en una excelente alternativa en manos de cirujanos experimentados. Palabras clave: Fístula vesico-vaginal, histerectomía, complicaciones, laparoscopia, O'Conor.http://ref.scielo.org/f3vxt

Characterization of plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases in fecal colonizing patients in the hospital and community setting in Spain

Aim: Active surveillance of plasmid-mediated ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (PMBL-E) in fecal carriers in the hospital and in the community setting in a non-outbreak period of time. Methods: Patients were screened for carriage of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and PMBL-E were characterized (extended-spectrum-ß-lactamase [ESBL], plasmid-mediated AmpC ß-lactamase [pAmpC], and carbapenemases) by PCR and sequencing. Results: The prevalence of ESBL and pAmpC carriers was 5.06% and 0.59%, respectively. Overall, CTX-M-like enzymes were the ESBL dominate enzymes (96.15%). The group CTX-M-9 was the most prevalent (81, 54%) [CTX-M-14 (74, 91.35%), CTX-M-9 (5, 6.17%), CTX-M-24 (1, 1.23%), and CTX-M-27 (1, 1.23%)] followed by the group CTX-M-1 (64, 42.67%) [CTX-M-15 (42, 65.63%), CTX-M-1 (13, 20.31%), CTX-M-32 (8, 12.5%), and CTX-M-3 (1, 1.56%)]. One CTX-M-10, one CTX-M-59, and three CTX-M-8 were also found. A very small representation of SHV or TEM ESBL enzymes was found (3.2% and 0.64%, respectively). pAmpC characterization revealed a predominance of CMY-2 (81.25%), followed by DHA-1 (18.75%). We did not detect the presence of carbapenemase producers. Conclusions: The prevalence of ESBL-producers from fecal carriers is stable in our area, but colonization by pAmpC producers has emerged recently as we have confirmed. Periodic active surveillance is useful to identify these human reservoirs and control the evolution of PMBL carriage in a community over time

Relationship between the isometric force of the dominant hand and the Body Mass Index of university students

INTRODUCTION: Strength is the neuromuscular capacity to overcome or counter resistances through muscular activity and is closely linked to all the motor actions that the human being develops, and to his body mass index. OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of correlation between body mass index (BMI) and the isometric strength of the dominant hand of university students. METHOD: The strength was evaluated with a TAKEI SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT 5401 dynamometer to 70 university students using a random sampling method using a descriptive transactional design. We obtained data that were processed with a bivariate correlation obtaining the Pearson coefficient. We used SPSS ver. 15. RESULTS: The studied age was 23 ± 1.9 years, with a length of 165.6 cm. ± 7.72 for women and 173.7 cm. ± 7.95 men, as well as a weight in women of 64.1 ± 14.82 kg and men 82.3 ± 14.72 kg, which results in a BMI for women of 25.01 ± 4.405 m2/kg and 25.06 with ± 4.398 m2/kg for men. On the other hand, the female isometry strength was 3.08. ± 0.613 Kg and for men was 3.68 ± 0.839 Kg. In females, there was not correlation between the BMI and isometric strength (Sig = .192). Contrary, in males, there was a significant and negative correlation grade between the BMI and isometric strength (r = -0,452; Sig. = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was observed that as BMI increases, strength does not grow. Therefore, other variables should be evaluated to understand what is related to the overweight or obesity of students