Estudio con modelos de datos para la automatización en redes eléctricas inteligentes

El sector de la distribución eléctrica está cambiando radicalmente con la aparición de la generación renovable, distribuida y no programable y su integración dentro de la producción de las compañías eléctricas. Aparecen nuevos retos y se deben afrontar planteamientos que no se tuvieron en cuenta en la concepción original de la red eléctrica. Aspectos tales como la gestión eficiente y sostenible de la energía hacen necesario el desarrollo de un nuevo concepto de la red que se traduce en lo que hoy en día se conoce como las redes eléctricas inteligentes, definidas según el término anglosajón Smart Grid. El concepto Smart Grid incorpora a la red eléctrica los beneficios de la computación distribuida y las comunicaciones para suministrar información en tiempo real y posibilitar el equilibrio casi instantáneo del suministro y la demanda a nivel de dispositivos El escenario que se plantea conlleva un esfuerzo en el desarrollo de los llamados Sistemas para la Automatización de la Distribución de la energía eléctrica o Distribution Automation Systems (DAS). Esto, unido al empleo de adecuados sistemas de comunicación, permite el control y supervisión de forma remota y en tiempo real de los sistemas encargados de la distribución de la energía En este contexto, uno de los aspectos que cobra mayor relevancia es la optimización del tiempo de transmisión de los sistemas en tiempo real, sobre todo en aquellas aplicaciones que requieren rápidos tiempos de respuesta, como es el caso de las protecciones. De los diferentes estándares internacionales relacionados con el sector eléctrico, desde hace unos años ha cobrado especial relevancia el estándar IEC 61850, por ser algo más que un mero protocolo de comunicaciones, definiendo un modelo de datos y unos servicios asociados que contribuyen a lograr la interoperabilidad entre los sistemas. Si bien los aspectos característicos de la red tales como topología o tráfico han sido ampliamente estudiados, hay algunos factores relacionados con los datos y el modelo de datos que también afectan al rendimiento de la transmisión de información y que no han sido objeto de estudio en la misma medida. En esta tesis se presenta un conjunto de ensayos destinados a analizar algunos aspectos relacionados con los datos y el modelo definido en IEC 61850 que pueden afectar al rendimiento de las comunicaciones en el ámbito del estándar. El estándar se va aplicando a diferentes ámbitos del sistema eléctrico a través de su integración en diferentes tipos de equipos y dispositivos. En esta tesis se estudia su integración en un controlador programable industrial y se analiza su comportamiento para aplicaciones en tiempo real. Esta tesis termina con el análisis de adaptación del modelo de datos a una aplicación concreta, un analizador experimental de calidad de suministro para su utilización en inversores de plantas solares fotovoltaicas.The electricity distribution sector is radically changing with the emergence of renewable, distributed and non-programmable generation and its integration within the production of electricity companies. New challenges arise and approaches must be addressed that were not taken into account in the original conception of the electric network. Aspects such as the efficient and sustainable management of energy make it necessary to develop a new concept of the network that is translated in what is now known as intelligent electricity grids, defined according to the Anglo-Saxon Smart Grid. The Smart Grid concept brings to the grid the benefits of distributed computing and communications to provide real-time information and enable near-instantaneous balancing of supply and demand at the device level The scenario that arises involves an effort in the development of the so-called Distribution Automation Systems (DAS). This, coupled with the use of adequate communication systems, allows the remote and real-time control and supervision of systems in charge of energy distribution In this context, one of the aspects that is most relevant is the optimization of the transmission time of the systems in real time, especially in applications that require fast response times, such as protections. Among the different international standards related to the electricity sector, the IEC 61850 standard has been of particular relevance since it is more than just a communications protocol, defining a data model and associated services that contribute to achieving interoperability between systems. While characteristic aspects of the network such as topology or traffic have been extensively studied, there are some factors related to data and the data model that also affect the performance of the transmission of information and that have not been studied in the same extension. This thesis presents a set of tests to analyse some aspects related to the data and the model defined in IEC 61850 that can affect the performance of communications in the scope of the standard. The standard is applied to different areas of the electrical system through its integration into different types of equipment and devices. In this thesis, its integration into an industrial programmable controller is studied and its behaviour for real-time applications is analysed. This thesis ends with the analysis applying the data model to a specific application, an experimental analyser of quality of supply for its use in inverters of photovoltaic solar plants

Desarrollo de equipos electrónicos para su uso docente en materias tecnológicas: un caso práctico

El coste de algunos equipos electrónicos que se emplean en la docencia práctica de materias de tipo tecnológico impide en ocasiones la dotación completa de los laboratorios. Se plantea en este artículo un caso práctico de diseño y construcción de un prototipo de equipo electrónico para su uso en prácticas de asignaturas en las cuales se precise experimentar con la utilización de variadores electrónicos de velocidad. Los resultados obtenidos permiten asegurar que para determinados casos es posible desarrollar equipos de carácter didáctico que realizan funciones similares a los dispositivos industriales, a un coste sensiblemente inferior, obviando, por supuesto, el coste de desarrollo

An Embedded System in Smart Inverters for Power Quality and Safety Functionality

The electricity sector is undergoing an evolution that demands the development of a network model with a high level of intelligence, known as a Smart Grid. One of the factors accelerating these changes is the development and implementation of renewable energy. In particular, increased photovoltaic generation can affect the network’s stability. One line of action is to provide inverters with a management capacity that enables them to act upon the grid in order to compensate for these problems. This paper describes the design and development of a prototype embedded system able to integrate with a photovoltaic inverter and provide it with multifunctional ability in order to analyze power quality and operate with protection. The most important subsystems of this prototype are described, indicating their operating fundamentals. This prototype has been tested with class A protocols according to IEC 61000-4-30 and IEC 62586-2. Tests have also been carried out to validate the response time in generating orders and alarm signals for protections. The highlights of these experimental results are discussed. Some descriptive aspects of the integration of the prototype in an experimental smart inverter are also commented upon

Monitoring of Energy Data with Seamless Temporal Accuracy Based on the Time-Sensitive Networking Standard and Enhanced μPMUs

In the energy sector, distributed synchronism and a high degree of stability are necessary for all real-time monitoring and control systems. Instantaneous response to critical situations is essential for the integration of renewable energies. The most widely used standards for clock synchronisation, such as Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precision Time Protocol (PTP), do not allow for achieving synchronised simultaneous sampling in distributed systems. In this work, a novel distributed synchronism system based on the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standard has been validated for its integration in an architecture oriented towards the high-resolution digitisation of photovoltaic (PV) generation systems. This method guarantees a time stamping with an optimal resolution that allows for the analysis of the influence of fast-evolving atmospheric fluctuations in several plants located in the same geographical area. This paper proposes an enhanced micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) that acts as a phasor meter and TSN master controlling the monitoring system synchronism. With this technique, the synchronism would be extended to the remaining measurement systems that would be involved in the installation at distances greater than 100 m. Several analyses were carried out with an on-line topology of four acquisition systems capturing simultaneously. The influence of the Ethernet network and the transducers involved in the acquisition process were studied. Tests were performed with Ethernet cable lengths of 2, 10, 50, and 75 m. The results were validated with 24-bit Sigma-Delta converters and high-precision resistor networks specialised in high-voltage monitoring. It was observed that with an appropriate choice of sensors and TSN synchronism, phase errors of less than ±1μs can be guaranteed by performing distributed captures up to 50 kS/s. Statistical analysis showed that uncertainties of less than ±100 ns were achieved with 16-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) converters at a moderate cost. Finally, the requirements of the IEEE C37.118.1-2011 standard for phasor measurement units (PMU) were also satisfied. This standard establishes an uncertainty of ±3.1 μs for 50 Hz systems. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a simultaneous sampling system for distributed acquisition systems coordinated by a μPMU

Real-Time Monitoring System for a Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plant

There is, at present, considerable interest in the storage and dispatchability of photovoltaic (PV) energy, together with the need to manage power flows in real-time. This paper presents a new system, PV-on time, which has been developed to supervise the operating mode of a Grid-Connected Utility-Scale PV Power Plant in order to ensure the reliability and continuity of its supply. This system presents an architecture of acquisition devices, including wireless sensors distributed around the plant, which measure the required information. It is also equipped with a high-precision protocol for synchronizing all data acquisition equipment, something that is necessary for correctly establishing relationships among events in the plant. Moreover, a system for monitoring and supervising all of the distributed devices, as well as for the real-time treatment of all the registered information, is presented. Performances were analyzed in a 400 kW transformation center belonging to a 6.1 MW Utility-Scale PV Power Plant. In addition to monitoring the performance of all of the PV plant’s components and detecting any failures or deviations in production, this system enables users to control the power quality of the signal injected and the influence of the installation on the distribution grid

Centro cultural y biblioteca

Not available.No disponible

Trends in urinary tract infection hospitalization in older adults in Spain from 2000-2015

Objective: To analyze trends in urinary tract infection hospitalization (cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis and non-specified UTI) among patients over 65 years in Spain from 2000-2015. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using the Spanish Hospitalization Minimum Data Set (CMBD), with codifications by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). We collected data on sex, age, type of discharge, main diagnosis, comorbid diagnosis, length of stay, and global cost. All the hospitalizations were grouped by age into three categories: 65-74 years old, 75-84 years old, and 85 years old and above. In the descriptive statistical analysis, crude rates were defined as hospitalizations per 1,000 inhabitants aged ≥65. To identify trends over time, we performed a Joinpoint regression. Results: From 2000-2015, we found 387,010 hospitalizations coded as UTIs (54,427 pyelonephritis, 15,869 prostatitis, 2643 cystitis and 314,071 non-specified UTI). The crude rate of hospitalization for UTIs between 2000 and 2015 ranged from 2.09 in 2000 to 4.33 in 2015 Rates of hospitalization were higher in men than in women, except with pyelonephritis. By age group, higher rates were observed in patients aged 85 years or older, barring prostatitis-related hospitalizations. Joinpoint analyses showed an average annual percentage increase (AAPC) in incidence rates of 4.9% (95% CI 3.2;6.1) in UTI hospitalizations. We observed two joinpoints, in 2010 and 2013, that found trends of 5.5% between 2000 and 2010 (95% CI 4.7;6.4), 1.5% between 2010 and 2013 (95% CI -6.0;9.6) and 6.8% between 2013 and 2015 (95% CI -0.3;14.4). Conclusions: The urinary infection-related hospitalization rate in Spain doubled during the period 2000-2015. The highest hospitalization rates occurred in men, in the ≥85 years old age group, and in non-specified UTIs. There were increases in all types of urinary tract infection, with non-specified UTIs having the greatest growth. Understanding these changing trends can be useful for health planning.This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project “PI19/01700”, as part of the Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2017-2020 co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “A way of shaping Europe”. In addition, the principal investigator JRS received support to increase his research activities and to publish this manuscript from the 2020 funding program of the Fundación de Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria en Atención Primaria (FIIBAP), Community of Madrid.S

AMIGaS - Motivational Activities for Gender Equality in STEM

En el marco del proyecto de innovación docente, se han realizado una serie de actividades de promoción de la mujer en estudios y empleos de disciplinas STEM, acrónimo de los términos en inglés Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas). El objetivo ha sido contribuir a que las mujeres puedan obtener mejores oportunidades de trabajo y no se mantengan alejadas de los cambios económicos y sociales que conllevará la industria del futuro, marcada por la convergencia de tecnologías digitales, físicas y biológicas, y que cambiará el mundo tal y como lo conocemos. Para ello se han realizado una serie de seminarios que han consistido en apoyar la participación de mujeres en el ámbito científico-tecnológico. Consiguiendo una concepción del alumnado femenino de las disciplinas de Ciencia e Ingeniería sobre el trabajo que desempeñan mujeres cuyas trayectorias profesionales son de alta relevancia en el ámbito tecnológico. Con esta propuesta se ha contribuido a la lucha contra los estereotipos y que el acceso de la mujer a estas materias crezca al mismo nivel al que es demandado, ya que la tecnología se encuentra en todos los niveles de la sociedad actual.Within the framework of the educational innovation project, a series of activities have been carried out to promote women in studies and jobs in STEM disciplines, an acronym for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. The aim has been to help women to obtain better job opportunities and not to stay away from the economic and social changes that the industry of the future, marked by the convergence of digital, physical and biological technologies, will bring, will bring, and will change the world as we know it. To this end, a series of seminars have been held which have consisted of supporting the participation of women in the scientific-technological field. Achieving a conception of the female student body of the disciplines of Science and Engineering on the work carried out by women whose professional trajectories are of high relevance in the technological field. This proposal has contributed to the fight against stereotypes and to ensure that women's access to these subjects grows to the same level as that at which they are demanded since technology is found at all levels of today's society

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 pathway is a novel mediator of endothelial dysfunction and aneurysms development in angiotensin II infused mice through increased oxidative stress

AIMS: Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) encodes a ubiquitin-like protein that induces a reversible post-translational modification (ISGylation) and can also be secreted as a free form. ISG15 plays an essential role as host-defence response to microbial infection; however, its contribution to vascular damage associated with hypertension is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bioinformatics identified ISG15 as a mediator of hypertension-associated vascular damage. ISG15 expression positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Consistently, Isg15 expression was enhanced in aorta from hypertension models and in angiotensin II (AngII)-treated vascular cells and macrophages. Proteomics revealed differential expression of proteins implicated in cardiovascular function, extracellular matrix and remodelling, and vascular redox state in aorta from AngII-infused ISG15-/- mice. Moreover, ISG15-/- mice were protected against AngII-induced hypertension, vascular stiffness, elastin remodelling, endothelial dysfunction, and expression of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Conversely, mice with excessive ISGylation (USP18C61A) show enhanced AngII-induced hypertension, vascular fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation along with elastin breaks, aortic dilation, and rupture. Accordingly, human and murine abdominal aortic aneurysms showed augmented ISG15 expression. Mechanistically, ISG15 induces vascular ROS production, while antioxidant treatment prevented ISG15-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodelling. CONCLUSION: ISG15 is a novel mediator of vascular damage in hypertension through oxidative stress and inflammation.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)/FSE (SAF2016-80305P; SAF2017-88089-R; SAF2016-79151-R; RTI2018-099246-B-I00), Ministerio de Innovación, Cultura y Deportes (PGC2018-097019-B-I00), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; FIS PI18/0919); Comunidad de Madrid (CM) (AORTASANA B2017/BMD-3676) FEDER-a way to build Europe, Bayer AG (2019-09-2433), CM-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (SI1-PJI-2019-00321), and British Heart Foundation (CH/12/4/29762; RE//18/6/34217). M.G.-A. was supported by an FPI-UAM fellowship, R.R.-D. by a Juan de la Cierva contract (IJCI-2017-31399), and A.C.M. by a Walton Fellowship, University of Glasgow. The CNIC is supported by ISCIII, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505)

Aortic disease in Marfan syndrome is caused by overactivation of sGC-PRKG signaling by NO

AbstractThoracic aortic aneurysm, as occurs in Marfan syndrome, is generally asymptomatic until dissection or rupture, requiring surgical intervention as the only available treatment. Here, we show that nitric oxide (NO) signaling dysregulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics in Marfan Syndrome smooth muscle cells and that NO-donors induce Marfan-like aortopathy in wild-type mice, indicating that a marked increase in NO suffices to induce aortopathy. Levels of nitrated proteins are higher in plasma from Marfan patients and mice and in aortic tissue from Marfan mice than in control samples, indicating elevated circulating and tissue NO. Soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase are both activated in Marfan patients and mice and in wild-type mice treated with NO-donors, as shown by increased plasma cGMP and pVASP-S239 staining in aortic tissue. Marfan aortopathy in mice is reverted by pharmacological inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent protein kinase and lentiviral-mediated Prkg1 silencing. These findings identify potential biomarkers for monitoring Marfan Syndrome in patients and urge evaluation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and soluble guanylate cyclase as therapeutic targets.</jats:p