Identidad colectiva, apropiación de un espacio comunal y su impacto en la calidad de vida: el caso del Jardín Ahuehuetes, Tlalnepantla de Baz

56 páginas. Especialización en Diseño.Son diversos los elementos que intervienen en la apropiación de un espacio de uso común, en la mayoría de los casos estos espacios lo único que tienen de uso y de común lo llevan en el nombre. Tal es el caso del jardín Ahuehuetes, éste ha sufrido una serie de transformaciones a través de los años, desafortunadamente esos cambios han generado un desinterés de los pobladores por el uso de este espacio. Dentro de los elementos en los que se pone énfasis en este trabajo, se encuentran los aspectos sociales (identidad, apropiación, participación), a partir de los cuales se puede reactivar el uso y cuidado de un espacio público de propiedad comunal con el que se cuenta en la colonia Ahuehuetes. Por muchos años este jardín fue el centro simbólico de la colonia Ahuehuetes, aunque sólo era un espacio delimitado por la pavimentación de las calles aledañas, éste funcionaba como centro de encuentros, asambleas, fiestas, cancha de béisbol y de recreación para niños y adultos. Dado que estamos hablando de una colonia que se formó en tierras del núcleo ejidal y por personas del mismo, la inserción de la población al mercado de trabajo y educativo fuera del ámbito del barrio, implicó un uso del barrio más limitado, muy bajo con respecto al uso que realizaba cuando la colonia comenzó. Esto representa un gran cambio para los sectores que han heredado cierta carga ideológica que tiene que ver con una forma de organización ancestral de tintes rurales, ya que se contrapone con la diversificación de los roles, la diversificación y ampliación de las redes sociales, el debilitamiento de las relaciones cara a cara la inserción al trabajo, las nuevas opciones de educación, recreación y equipamiento, a grandes rasgos, todo lo que implica vivir en la ciudad

Mutation status and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in patients from northwest and central region of Spain with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy variable chain (IGHV) in a cohort of 224 patients from northwest and central region of Spain diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and to correlate it with cytogenetic abnormalities, overall survival (OS) and time to first treatment (TTFT). 125 patients had mutated IGHV, while 99 had unmutated IGHV. The most frequently used IGHV family was IGHV3, followed by IGHV1 and IGHV4. The regions IGHV3-30, IGHV1-69, IGHV3-23, and IGHV4-34 were the most commonly used. Only 3.1% of the patients belonged to the subfamily IGHV3-21 and we failed to demonstrate a worse clinical outcome in this subgroup. The IGHV4 family appeared more frequently with mutated pattern, similar to IGHV3-23 and IGHV3-74. By contrast, IGHV1-69 was expressed at a higher frequency in unmutated CLL patients. All the cases from IGHV3-11 and almost all from IGHV5-51 subfamily belonged to the group of unmutated CLL.The study was partially supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias 02/1041, FIS 09/01382, FIS 09/01543, and PI12/00281; RD12/0036/0069 from Red Tematica de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness & European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “Una manera de hacer Europa”; and Caja de Burgos-Banca Cívica. A. Rodrígues was fully supported by an Ayuda Predoctoral FIS de Formación en Investigacion by the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias. M. Hernandez-Sanchez was partially supported by a grant from the “Fundacion Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia.” Partially supported by grants from “Proyectos de Investigacion Biomédica del SACYL” 106/A/06.Peer Reviewe

Social vulnerability and flood risk in Toluca Valley, State of Mexico

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el riesgo por inundación y la vulnerabilidad social, estructural y funcional de los municipios del Valle de Toluca, Estado de México. La vulnerabilidad social se calculó con datos de densidad de población, grado de marginación, acceso a servicios de salud, rezago educativo, pobreza extrema y dependencia económica; esta vulnerabilidad se sumó con la estructural, que considera pendiente, impermeabilidad del suelo, uso de suelo; también se sumó la vulnerabilidad no estructural, calculada con datos de servicios a la vivienda. Para obtener el riesgo, se sumaron todas las vulnerabilidades y, se multiplicaron por el peligro por inundación. Se obtuvieron los patrones espaciales de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgo por inundación. Ocho de veintidós municipios presentan alto grado de vulnerabilidad social; nueve, vulnerabilidad media y el resto, baja. En cuanto a peligro de inundación, nueve municipios presentan un alto grado de peligrosidad. Se observa que los municipios de San Mateo Atenco, Almoloya del Río, Atizapan, Rayón y Texcalyacac presentan un riesgo alto por inundación. Se concluye que San Mateo Atenco debe ser prioritario en la atención en caso de contingencia, ya que se trata de un municipio urbano e industrial del Valle de Toluca.The purpose of this paper is to determine the flood risk and the social, structural and functional vulnerability of the municipalities of Toluca Valley, State of Mexico. Social vulnerability was calculated taking into account population density, degree of marginalization, access to health services, problems of educational lagging, extreme poverty, and economic dependence. This type of vulnerability was added to the structural one, which considers slope, groundsheet, and land use. It was also added the non-structural vulnerability, which was calculated taking into account the data on housing services. To calculate risk, all the vulnerabilities were added and multiplied by danger of flooding. Also, the results obtained showed spatial patterns of danger, vulnerability, and flood risk. Eight of twenty-two municipalities present a high level of social vulnerability; nine of them, medium level, and the rest, low level. Other nine municipalities present a high level of danger of flooding. It is observed that the municipalities of San Mateo Atenco, Almoloya del Río, Atizapán, Rayón and Texcalyacac present a high risk due to flooding. It is concluded that San Mateo Atenco should be a priority in the attention in case of contingency, since it is an urban and industrial municipality of Toluca Valley.Fil: Valdez Pérez, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFil: Orozco Hernández, María Estela. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFil: González Guerrero, Gandhi. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoFil: Mireles Lezama, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

New Insights in Prognosis and Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with a very variable clinical outcome. New biological markers, such as cytogenetic abnormalities or mutation status, have become important prognostic factors. Whole-genome sequencing studies have revealed novel genomic mutations, NOTCH1, SF3B1, BIRC3, TP53 and MYD88 being the most important. All these mutations have also been associated with the disease outcome. The treatment of CLL has evolved favourably in recent years. However, adverse events or chemorefractoriness occurs in some cases. Luckily, an increasing number of compounds are under development with promising results. Some of these new targeted therapies include B-cell receptor inhibitors, new anti-CD20 antibodies, Bcl-2 inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). In this chapter, we will conduct a review of the new prognostic markers of CLL, the relationship they have with each other to build prognostic scores, the role they have in guiding treatment decisions and the novel therapies that have emerged recently with immunologic, biochemical and genetic targets

Inserción laboral de las mujeres salvadoreñas y el ciclo económico. Una revisión del período 1990 - 2019.

La inserción laboral de la mujer y los ciclos económicos constituye una temática relevante en el enfoque de la economía para el desarrollo debido a la relación bidireccional entre el desarrollo económico y empoderamiento de la mujer, así como la relación entre el crecimiento económico y la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza de trabajo de la economía. En El Salvador, al igual que en otros países, las mujeres enfrentan limitantes para insertarse al mercado laboral y aquellas que participan activamente tienen brechas salariales y de tiempo dedicado a labores domésticas respecto de los hombres, lo que limita su contribución a la actividad económica, su realización personal y familiar y adicionalmente se convierte en uno de los factores explicativos del lento crecimiento de la economía nacional. En ese sentido, esta investigación constituye un punto de partida que realiza un acercamiento de carácter empírico a este tema a través de tres aproximaciones: a) Un análisis sobre la ocupación en el mercado laboral de hombres y mujeres entre 1990 y 2018 a partir del uso de la base de datos LA KLEMS publicada por el Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador. b) Un modelo econométrico que permite cuantificar el aporte de hombres y mujeres a la productividad de la economía salvadoreña. c) Un análisis de la ocupación de hombres y mujeres en las diferentes fases de los ciclos económicos registrados en los últimos 30 años. Los resultados obtenidos a través de estas aproximaciones muestran que la inserción laboral de las mujeres, medida a partir de su participación en el total de la ocupación, tiene un efecto positivo sobre la productividad y el crecimiento económico de El Salvador, estableciéndose una relación directamente proporcional entre la ocupación y la productividad. Asimismo, se refleja que existe una relación directamente proporcional entre las fases expansivas y contractivas de los ciclos económicos y la ocupación de las mujeres, siendo la ocupación de las mujeres más volátil que la de los hombres ante los cambios de fase de los ciclos económicos. Finalmente, esta investigación permite dar cuenta de que el proceso de tercerización de la economía salvadoreña en los últimos años ha sido evidente en la estructura de la participación laboral de las mujeres, dado que su participación mayoritaria se concentra en actividades de servicios, como el comercio y los servicios personales. Con los resultados antes mencionados, esta investigación brinda un diagnóstico que puede servir como punto de partida para el estudio y formulación de políticas económicas vinculadas a la inserción laboral de las mujeres salvadoreñas y que permita aprovechar el potencial del empleo femenino para la economía salvadoreña

Self-efficacy motor scale: psycometric properties and the results of its application to the spanish school population

This study analysed the new Self-Efficacy Motor Scale (seMs), the motor efficacy evaluation (Mee) in adolescents and its relation with variables such as general self-efficacy, speed-agility, dynamic coordination and cardiorespiratory adaptation. To do so, an ex post facto design was devised, using a sample of 1.288 adolescents (14.9 ± 1.7 years) from six spanish regions. The seMs is one-dimensional with a good internal consistency (a = .89). Boys reported higher motor self-efficacy than girls did, regardless of age. Among girls only, the older the age, the lower the expectations of efficacy. The Mee is closely related to the general self-efficacy variable (r= .62). we conclude that the seMs is an original, unpublished instrument that has been shown to have high reliability and sufficient validity in terms of content, construct and criteria for measuring perceived self-efficacy in challenging situations of physical activityEste estudio se ha realizado gracias a fondos parciales de los proyectos BSO 2002-00502 y SEJ2007-67267/EDUC, concedidos por el Ministerio de Educació

A low frequency of losses in 11q chromosome Is associated with better outcome and lower rate of genomic mutations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.To analyze the impact of the 11q deleted (11q-) cells in CLL patients on the time to first therapy (TFT) and overall survival (OS), 2,493 patients with CLL were studied. 242 patients (9.7%) had 11q-. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies showed a threshold of 40% of deleted cells to be optimal for showing that clinical differences in terms of TFT and OS within 11q- CLLs. In patients with ≥40% of losses in 11q (11q-H) (74%), the median TFT was 19 months compared with 44 months in CLL patients with <40% del(11q) (11q-L) (P<0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, only the presence of 11q-L, mutated IGHV status, early Binet stage and absence of extended lymphadenopathy were associated with longer TFT. Patients with 11q-H had an OS of 90 months, while in the 11q-L group the OS was not reached (P = 0.008). The absence of splenomegaly (P = 0.02), low LDH (P = 0.018) or β2M (P = 0.006), and the presence of 11q-L (P = 0.003) were associated with a longer OS. In addition, to detect the presence of mutations in the ATM, TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, MYD88, FBXW7, XPO1 and BIRC3 genes, a select cohort of CLL patients with losses in 11q was sequenced by next-generation sequencing of amplicons. Eighty %of CLLs with 11qshowed mutations and fewer patients with low frequencies of 11q- had mutations among genes examined (50% vs 94.1%, P = 0.023). In summary, CLL patients with <40% of 11qhad a long TFT and OS that could be associated with the presence of fewer mutated genes.This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias FIS 09/01543, PI12/00281 and PI15/01471, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa", Proyectos de Investigación del SACYL 355/A/09, GRS/1172/A15, COST Action EuGESMA (BM0801), Fundación Manuel Solórzano, Obra Social Banca Cívica (Caja Burgos), Fundación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia (FEHH), and by grants (RD12/0036/0069 and RD12/0036/0044) from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (RTICC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) "Una manera de hacer Europa" (CEI 2010-1-0010). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007-2013] under Grant Agreement n°306242-NGS-PTL. María Hernández-Sánchez is fully supported by an Ayuda Predoctoral de la Junta de Castilla y León from the Fondo Social Europeo (JCYL-EDU/346/2013 Ph.D. scholarship). Vera Grossmann was supported by MLL Munich and Alexander Kohlmann was supported by MLL Munich and AstraZeneca in terms of salary.Peer Reviewe

Glutathione Metabolism In Cyclosporine A‐Treated Rats: Dose‐ And Time‐Related Changes In Liver And Kidney

[EN] 1. We investigated the simultaneous effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment in rats on glutathione metabolism, oxidative status and their interorgan relationship in the liver and kidney. 2. Reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively), lipid peroxidation and the activity of several enzymes of the glutathione cycle were evaluated in adult Wistar rats treated daily (i.p.) with saline, CsA vehicle (olive oil) or CsA (10 and 20 mg/kg per day) for either 1 or 4 weeks (short- and long-term treatments, respectively). 3. Cyclosporine A treatment elicited a significant depletion in liver GSH content and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio that was unrelated to either the time of treatment or the dose used; these effects were already evident after I week of treatment. Renal GSH levels remained unaffected or increased, while those of GSSG increased markedly in all CsA-treated rats, leading to decreases in the GSH/GSSG ratio, except in rats treated in the short term with the lower dose of CsA. These changes in the GSH/GSSG ratio were time and dose dependent. Short-term CsA treatment using the higher dose and long-term treatment with both doses of CsA progressively enhanced lipid peroxidation, which was reflected by increased levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both hepatic and renal homogenates. Hepatic γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity was increased after long-term treatment with both doses of CsA, whereas the activity of GSH hepatic peroxidase and GSH transferase was not significantly modified in any of the experimental groups. In contrast, renal γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity decreased in a progressive fashion, with the magnitude of this decrease being dose and time dependent. The plasma levels of total glutathione increased only in rats treated in the long term, regardless of the dose of CsA used, and remained unaltered in animals treated in the short term. 4. In summary, the data collected indicate that CsA treatment alters the interorgan homeostasis of glutathione and the oxidative status of the rat liver and kidney, which is associated with increases in lipid peroxidation in both organs, and also induces modifications in the activity of some enzyme related to the glutathione cycle

Effects of aging on the susceptibility to the toxic effects of cyclosporin A in rats. Changes in liver glutathione and antioxidant enzymes

[EN] Free radicals are involved in aging and cyclosporin A-induced toxicity. The age-related changes in the liver oxidative status of glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system, as well as the influence of aging on the susceptibility to the hepatotoxic effects of cyclosporin (CyA) were investigated in rats of different ages (1, 2, 4, and 24 months). The hepatic content of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased with aging, peaked at 4 months, and decreased in senescent rats. By contrast, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher in the oldest than in the youngest rats. CyA treatment, besides inducing the well-known cholestatic syndrome, increased liver GSSG and TBARS contents and the GSSG/GSH molar ratio, and altered the nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. The CyA-induced cholestasis and hepatic depletion of GSH, and the increases in the GSSG/GSH ratio, and in GSSG and TBARS concentrations were higher in the older than the mature rats. Moreover, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were found to be significantly decreased only in treated senescent rats. The higher CyA-induced oxidative stress, lipoperoxidation, and decreases in the antioxidant defense systems in the aged animals render them more susceptible to the hepatotoxic effects of cyclosporin. © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc

Effects of S-adenosylmethionine on intrabiliary glutathione degradation induced by long-term administration of cyclosporin A in the rat

[EN] We investigate the ability of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) to antagonize the cyclosporine A (CyA)-induced inhibition of biliary glutathione efflux induced by long-term administration of CyA (10 mg/kg per day-CyA10 or 20 mg/kg per day-CyA20 for 4 weeks) in rats. CyA treatment reduced the liver content of total glutathione and caused a significant increase in the oxidized-to-reduced glutathione ratio and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentration. When the rats were concurrently treated with SAMe (10 mg/kg twice daily) and CyA, all these parameters did not significantly differ from control values. Treatment with CyA induced a significant increase in liver GGT activity that was attenuated by coadministration of SAMe. Biliary efflux of total glutathione was significantly reduced in animals treated with CyA. These changes were abolished by SAMe administration. Following inhibition of the intrabiliary catabolism of the tripeptide by acivicin, glutathione efflux rates increased to a lesser extent in animals cotreated with SAMe when compared to those receiving only CyA. The significant decrease in biliary efflux of oxidized glutathione induced by CyA was totally (S+CyA10) or partially (S+CyA20) prevented by coadministration of SAMe. Our observations confirm that SAMe cotreatment in rats antagonizes CyA-induced inhibition in the biliary efflux of glutathione and suggest that protection against intrabiliary glutathione degradation plays a major role in this protective effect