Elaboración de mezclas de fertilizantes para papa y maíz en el valle de Toluca, Estado de México

La evaluación de proyectos optimiza el uso de los recursos y mejora la productividad de empresas e inversiones factibles. El objetivo de esta investigación fue proporcionar elementos de decisión técnico-económico sobre la conveniencia o no de poner en marcha un agronegocio para la producción de agromezclas de fertilizantes: papera y maicera para siembra y reabonado en papa y maíz, en el Valle de Toluca, Estado de México, usando la metodología de formulación y evaluación de proyectos. El mercado principal son los Municipios: Toluca, Zinacantepec, Sultepec, Valle de Bravo y Temascaltepec. Con una tasa de descuento de 13.1 % el Valor Presente Neto estimado fue $ 2 981 061, la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) 78.36 % y la Tasa Interna de Retorno Modificada (TIRM) de 181.44 %. Los indicadores de evaluación superaron sus valores críticos, por tanto, es viable y factible decidir sobre la inversión

Estabilidad del rendimiento de chile tipo chilaca

Con el propósito de evaluar la estabilidad del rendimiento de ocho variedades de chile chilaca del programa de mejoramiento genético de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua y un testigo de amplio uso estatal, se establecieron seis experimentos en igual número de ambientes de Chihuahua. Se utilizó la técnica propuesta por Eberhart y Russell teniendo como parámetros principales el valor de la pendiente (1) y la desviación de la regresión (Sdi). Los mejores rendimientos se obtuvieron en las localidades del noroeste del estado, lugar de origen de las variedades; los coeficientes de regresión variaron desde 0.285ns (Harana 4), hasta 1.851* (Harana 1), donde Harana 7, 6, 3, 4, 5 y Colegio 64 fueron estables con valores 0.759, 1.168, 0.621, 0.285, 0.772 y 0.464, respectivamente. Sólo Harana 2 resultó consistente ante los cambios de ambiente con Sdi de 0.389. Harana 7 y 6 sobresalieron por su alto rendimiento en todos los ambientes, son estables pero no consistentes. Harana 1 es de alto rendimiento y no estable, se sugiere su siembra en ambientes con índices ambientales superiores a la media general. El único genotipo consistente es Harana 2, de rendimiento intermedio que reúne las características de mercado buscadas por el consumidor final (tamaño, forma y grosor de fruto, picor y sabor). Abstract In order to evaluate the stability of the performance of eight varieties of chili chilaca of the genetic improvement program of the “Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua” and a control state use, six experiments were established in the same amount of environments of Chihuahua. The technique proposed by Eberhart and Russell was used, having as main parameters the value of the slope (1) and the regression standard deviation (Sdi), The best performances were obtained in the northeastern of the state, place of origin of the varieties; the regression coefficients varied from 0.285 ns (Harana 4) to 1.851* (Harana 1), where Harana 7, 6, 3, 4, 5 and Colegio 64 were stable with values of 0.759, 1.168, 0.0621, 0.285, 0.772 and 0.464 respectively. Only Harana 2 resulted consistent on the environment changes with Sdi of 0.389. Harana 7 and 6 excelled for their high performance in all of the environments, they are stable and not consistent. Harana 1 showed high performance and without stability, its sowing in environments superior to the general mean is suggested. The only consistent genotype is Harana 2 with the intermediate performance that gathers the sought market characteristics for the final consumer (size, form and thickness of the fruit, pungency and flavor). Keywords: Capsicum annuum L., Anaheim, G x A interaction, chilaca, Chihuahua

Transportability of non-target arthropod field data for the use in environmental risk assessment of genetically modified maize in Northern Mexico

In country, non-target arthropod (NTA) field evaluations are required to comply with the regulatory process for cultivation of genetically modified (GM) maize in Mexico. Two sets of field trials, Experimental Phase and Pilot Phase, were conducted to identify any potential harm of insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant maize (MON89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) and glyphosatetolerant maize (MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) to local NTAs compared to conventional maize. NTA abundance data were collected at 32 sites, providing high geographic and environmental diversity within maize production areas from four ecological regions (ecoregions) in northern Mexico. The most abundant herbivorous taxa collected included field crickets, corn flea beetles, rootworm beetles, cornsilk flies, aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs and thrips while the most abundant beneficial taxa captured were soil mites, spiders, predatory ground beetles, rove beetles, springtails (Collembola), predatory earwigs, ladybird beetles, syrphid flies, tachinid flies, minute pirate bugs, parasitic wasps and lacewings. Across the taxa analysed, no statistically significant differences in abundance were detected between GM maize and the conventional maize control for 69 of the 74 comparisons (93.2%) indicating thatthe single or stacked insect-protected and herbicide-tolerant GM traits generally exert no marked adverse effects on the arthropod populations compared with conventional maize. The distribution of taxa observed in this study provides evidence that irrespective of variations in overall biodiversity of a given ecoregion, important herbivore, predatory and parasitic arthropod taxa within the commercial maize agroecosystem are highly similar indicating that relevant data generated in one ecoregion can be transportable for the risk assessment of the same or similar GM crop in another ecoregion

Plant characterization of genetically modified maize hybrids MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3, MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6, and MON-ØØ6Ø3-6: alternatives for maize production in Mexico

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops is a process to evaluate whether the biotechnology trait(s) in a GM crop may result in increased pest potential or harm to the environment. In this analysis, two GM insect-resistant (IR) herbicide-tolerant maize hybrids (MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) and one herbicide-tolerant GM hybrid (MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) were compared with conventional maize hybrids of similar genetic backgrounds. Two sets of studies, Experimental Phase and Pilot Phase, were conducted across five ecological regions (ecoregions) in Mexico during 2009–2013, and data were subject to meta-analysis. Results from the Experimental Phase studies, which were used for ERA, indicated that the three GM hybrids were not different from conventional maize for early stand count, days-tosilking, days-to-anthesis, root lodging, stalk lodging, or final stand count. Statistically significant differences were observed for seedling vigor, ear height, plant height, grain moisture, and grain yield, particularly in the IR hybrids; however, none of these phenotypic differences are expected to contribute to a biological or ecological change that would result in an increased pest potential or ecological risk when cultivating these GM hybrids. Overall, results from the Experimental Phase studies are consistent with those from other world regions, confirming that there are no additional risks compared to conventional maize. Results from Pilot Phase studies indicated that, compared to conventional maize hybrids, no differences were detected for the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics measured on the three GM maize hybrids, with the exception of grain moisture and grain yield in the IR hybrids. Since MON-89Ø34- 3 9 MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 9 MONØØ6Ø3- 6 confer resistance to target insect pests, they are an alternative for farmers in Mexico to protect the crop from insect damage. Additionally, the herbicide tolerance conferred by all three GM hybrids enables more cost-effective weed management

Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in Maize: Implications for Isolation Requirements and Coexistence in Mexico, the Center of Origin of Maize

Mexico, the center of origin of maize (Zea mays L.), has taken actions to preserve the identity and diversity of maize landraces and wild relatives. Historically, spatial isolation has been used in seed production to maintain seed purity. Spatial isolation can also be a key component for a strategy to minimize pollen-mediated gene flow in Mexico between transgenic maize and sexually compatible plants of maize conventional hybrids, landraces, and wild relatives. The objective of this research was to generate field maize-to-maize outcrossing data to help guide coexistence discussions in Mexico. In this study, outcrossing rates were determined and modeled from eight locations in six northern states, which represent the most economically important areas for the cultivation of hybrid maize in Mexico. At each site, pollen source plots were planted with a yellow-kernel maize hybrid and surrounded by plots with a white-kernel conventional maize hybrid (pollen recipient) of the same maturity. Outcrossing rates were then quantified by assessing the number of yellow kernels harvested from white-kernel hybrid plots. The highest outcrossing values were observed near the pollen source (12.9% at 1 m distance). The outcrossing levels declined sharply to 4.6, 2.7, 1.4, 1.0, 0.9, 0.5, and 0.5% as the distance from the pollen source increased to 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 25 m, respectively. At distances beyond 20 m outcrossing values at all locations were below 1%. These trends are consistent with studies conducted in other world regions. The results suggest that coexistence measures that have been implemented in other geographies, such as spatial isolation, would be successful in Mexico to minimize transgenic maize pollen flow to conventional maize hybrids, landraces and wild relatives

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

EFECTO DE UNA POLÍTICA DE IMPORTACIONES SOBRE EL MERCADO DEL SORGO (Sorghum vulgare Pers) EN MÉXICO

"Para cuantificar los efectos de una política de importaciones, sobre el mercado del sorgo en México, se validó un modelo de programación no lineal espacial e intertemporal en 2013. Bajo optimización, la producción, importaciones y consumo fueron 6.2, 2.

La oferta de cebada grano en México: un análisis econométrico

En este trabajo, se determina el efecto de los cambios en el precio de los insumos y de los principales factores que explican la oferta de cebada grano en México vía un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas y con información estadística anua l de 1980 a 2010. Los resultados indican que la oferta de cebada grano en México responde inelástica y elásticamente ante cambios en el precio medio rural de cebada producida bajo riego y temporal, con elasticidades precio-propias de 0.992 y 1.222. Lo que implica que el precio al productor es un instrumen - to que se puede usar para incrementar la producción y reducir importaciones

La oferta de cebada grano en México: un análisis econométrico

This paper seeks to explore the role of Spanish as functional and linking language for multinational firms. The paper analyzes the communication system within a multinational (choice of functional languages and each language’s scope and intensity) and studies the way in which coexistence of different languages increase communication costs. An exploratory empirical study performed over a selected sample of Spanish multinationals is carried out.Neste trabalho, determina-se o efeito das alterações no preço das matérias-primas e dos principais fatores que explicam a oferta de grão de cevada no México através de um modelo de equações simultâneas e com informação estatística anual de 1980 a 2010. Os resultados indicam que a oferta de grão de cevada no México responde de forma inelástica e elástica perante mudanças no preço médio rural da cevada produzida em regadio e temporal, com elasticidades do preço próprio de 0,992 e 1,222. Isso implica que o preço ao produtor é um instrumento que pode ser usado para aumentar a produção e reduzir importações.En este trabajo, se determina el efecto de los cambios en el precio de los insumos y de los principales factores que explican la oferta de cebada grano en México vía un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas y con información estadística anua l de 1980 a 2010. Los resultados indican que la oferta de cebada grano en México responde inelástica y elásticamente ante cambios en el precio medio rural de cebada producida bajo riego y temporal, con elasticidades precio-propias de 0.992 y 1.222. Lo que implica que el precio al productor es un instrumento que se puede usar para incrementar la producción y reducir importaciones