Lluvia de semillas y establecimiento en comunidades sucesionales en Chiapas, México

Antecedentes y Objetivos: La agricultura en los trópicos reduce, fragmenta y altera los bosques y los paisajes forestales. Evaluamos la riqueza de especies y la dominancia de formas de vida en la lluvia de semillas, y la abundancia y supervivencia anual de nuevos reclutas en bosques maduros, medianamente maduros, bosques tempranos, potreros y campos de cultivo en ambientes naturales y humanizados. Pronosticamos diferencias en composición y número de semillas y de reclutas en función de los diferentes hábitats y de las matrices de vegetación que los circundan. Métodos: Durante un año se colectaron muestras de semillas y plantas en Lacanjá-Chansayab y Bonampak-Bethel, ambas dentro de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Montes Azules, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México. Para la lluvia de semillas, instalamos 14 trampas en sitios que representan el gradiente de sucesión en la vegetación local (2 sitios × 6 hábitats × 14 trampas; n = 168). Independientemente, para evaluar los cambios en reclutamiento y supervivencia tempranas se establecieron 15 cuadros (0.5 × 2.0 m) en cada comunidad arbolada (2 sitios × 3 comunidades × 15 cuadros; n = 90). Resultados clave: Colectamos ~13,600 semillas de 144 especies pertenecientes a 48 familias botánicas. Los bosques maduros presentaron la mayor riqueza (60-61) y los potreros la menor (14-11). Observamos una reducción en la riqueza de especies y un cambio en la dominancia de las formas de vida a través del gradiente sucesional. Los bosques incluyeron principalmente semillas de árboles, mientras los potreros estuvieron dominados por unas pocas especies de gramíneas. La lluvia de semillas en las áreas agrícolas se caracterizó por un reducido número de especies generalistas. Para los reclutas de especies leñosas, se registraron ~3416 individuos (<0.5 m de altura) de 238 morfoespecies, de las cuales 129 fueron identificadas a nivel de especie en 42 familias. El mayor número de reclutas ocurrió en bosques maduros comparados con bosques tempranos y su supervivencia fue mayor en los bosques maduros. Conclusiones: Documentamos la progresiva simplificación y homogenización en la composición florística y el efecto generalizado de los humanos en las regiones tropicales.Background and Aims: Agriculture in the tropics is decreasing, fragmenting and altering forests and forest landscapes. We hypothesized differences in species richness and dominance of life forms in the seed rain and in richness and survival in the recruit assemblages among mature forests, mid-successional forests, early successional forests, pastures and milpa fields (arable lands with maize) surrounded by natural and human disturbed habitats. Methods: Samples of seeds and plants were collected during a year in Lacanjá-Chansayab and Bonampak-Bethel, in the buffer zone of the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. We deployed 14 seed traps in 12 sites representing a gradient of vegetation succession (2 sites × 6 habitats × 14 traps; n = 168 traps). Independently, to assess changes in recruitment and early survival, we established 15 quadrats (0.5 × 2.0 m) in each of the studied forests (2 sites × 3 habitats × 15 quadrats; n = 90 quadrats). Key results: We collected ~13,600 seeds of 144 species from 48 botanical families. Mature forests had the highest seed rain species richness (60-61) and pastures (14-11) the lowest. We observed a decline in species richness and a change in dominance of life forms in the seed rain from less disturbed to most perturbed habitats. Mature forests included seeds of diverse tree species while the assemblage in pastures was dominated by seeds of few grass species. Intensive traditional milpa fields showed homogeneous seed assemblages. For the new recruits, we recorded ~3,416 individuals (<0.5 m height) of 238 morphospecies in 42 families, 129 were identified to species level. The largest number of species occurred in mature and mid-successional stands compared to early forests. Annual survival of recruits was higher in mid- and late successional forests than in early ones.Conclusions: We document species loss and widespread simplification and homogenization in community composition due to pervasive effect of humans on remnant tropical lowland forests

Soil chemical properties in abandoned Mediterranean cropland after succession and oak reforestation.

Large extents of cropland have been abandoned in recent decades and more may be abandoned in the near future. These may undergo secondary succession or reforestation. We experimentally tested the response of soil chemical properties to secondary succession (old field) and to Quercus ilex plantation (reforested cropland) in a Mediterranean cropland that was abandoned 13 years ago. We also evaluated the relevance of previous reforestation management (four combinations of presence and absence of irrigation and shading) in addition to current environmental conditions (herbaceous community and cover of oak canopy) on soil chemistry in the reforested cropland. Carbon and NH4+–N concentrations and availability of mineral N were higher in the reforested cropland than in the old field. However, soil pH, total N, P, K and NO3−–N concentrations, mineralization rates, and available PO43−–P were similar in the reforested cropland as well as in the old field. Previous reforestation management practices, particularly irrigation, and current environmental conditions, mostly biomass and composition of the herbaceous community, affected soil chemistry. Irrigation increased K and P concentrations and NH4+–N availability. This study highlights the overall slow dynamics of soil chemistry in Mediterranean ecosystems, which has resulted in little variation of soil properties in reforested cropland after more than a decade. Reforestation can accelerate the recovery of some soil properties of abandoned cropland in comparison with secondary succession, but these effects will be more noticeable in longer time periods.Ministerio de Ciencia y Educación, EspañaComunidad de MadridMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad, Españ

Urban Traffic Flow Mapping of an Andean Capital: Quito, Ecuador

[EN] Several efforts have been devoted to developing sustainable cities to address global environmental challenges and the growth of urban areas. In particular, transportation has various issues such as air pollution, noise, and traffic, which have to be addressed by collecting significant information of the traffic and road conditions of the cities. Automating the data extraction process and street network construction will allow building more useful models to study traffic behavior. This work presents a network modeling approach to identify interest points (extreme and internal) of the city, through a winner-takes-all edge trimming, and mapping the traffic flow between them. Such points can be considered as entries of an Origin-Destination matrix, where such information can be used to model traffic behavior between interest points. The case study of Quito, Ecuador is considered. Besides, to address environmental issues, this paper encourages the replacement of internal combustion taxis with electric vehicles. From the understanding of the vehicle traffic behavior, a pre-feasibility siting of electric taxi (ET) charging stations was carried out. The results will allow performing the sizing of each charging station considering electric power network constraints. This work aims to ensure a sustainable transportation system based on this crucial information.This work was supported in part by the Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador, under Project SIS.JCG.19.03 and Project SIS.MGR.20.01, and in part by the CYTED Network Ibero-American Thematic Network on ICT Applications for Smart Cities under Grant 518RT0559.González-Rodríguez, MS.; Clairand, J.; Soto-Espinosa, K.; Jaramillo-Fuelantala, J.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Urban Traffic Flow Mapping of an Andean Capital: Quito, Ecuador. IEEE Access. 8:195459-195471. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3033518S195459195471

Vivir transnacional y participación en la elección extraordinaria de gobernador en Puebla (2019)

MEXICO-USA migration is centenary, in contrast to that of Puebla, since its massive flows date fifty years. These people have a transnational living by staying together with the extended family on both sides of the border. In New York and its surroundings there is the largest number of Poblanos in the world and that is why we inquired about the importance of this electoral process. The results were obtained by analyzing the speeches in the televised debate, and in the implementation of five focal groups. We found out that, although in the ordinary election of 2018 there was the greatest participation in the century, in the extraordinary election of 2019 there was little participation due to a complex institutional mechanism that prevents the free dissemination of the campaigns, and because the topic of migrants is irrelevant to the candidates.La migración MEX-USA es centenaria en contraste con la de Puebla, pues sus flujos masivos tienen alrededor de 50 años. Estas personas tienen un vivir transnacional al mantenerse unidos a la familia extensa en ambos lados de la frontera. En Nueva York y sus alrededores se encuentran la mayor cantidad de poblanos en el mundo y por ello se indagó sobre la importancia de este proceso electoral. Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir del análisis de discurso del debate, y a partir de 5 grupos focales. Esto demostró que aunque en la elección ordinaria del 2018 se dio la mayor participación en el siglo, en la elección extraordinaria de 2019 hubo una escasa participación debido a un mecanismo institucional complejo que impide la libre difusión de las campañas y a que el discurso de los candidatos no considera relevante al tema migratorio

Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus / AIDS Epidemic in Cienfuegos. 2006- 2010

Background: There was an increase in the incidence of cases diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS in the province of Cienfuegos during the last five years. Objective: To characterize the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS in the province of Cienfuegos. Method: A descriptive study of a series of cases (195) diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus / AIDS was conducted in the province of Cienfuegos from 2006 to 2010. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, sexual orientation, source of inquiry, source of infection and municipality of origin. Results: The epidemic showed a higher incidence among homo-bisexual males aged 25 to 44 years. Most cases were detected by contact tracing. The form of infection mentioned by all cases was sexual. The vast majority of them (74.4%) ignored the source of infection. Conclusions: The epidemic has been characterized by a steady increase in incidence during the last five years, most notably in 2009 and 2010. Although there is a prioritized program for HIV/AIDS control and prevention as well as large information campaigns on this subject, the epidemic continues to affect individuals with risky behavior, as evidenced by the number of patients presenting the clinical onset of AIDS

RASGOS FUNCIONALES DE ESPECIES ARBÓREAS RARAS Y ABUNDANTES EN BOSQUES DE MONTAÑA DEL SUR DE MÉXICO

Los bosques de montaña del sur de México albergan una alta riqueza de especies, sin embargo estos sistemas se encuentran seriamente alterados por influencia humana. El efecto de los disturbios humanos afecta diferencialmente a las especies con base en sus atributos morfo-funcionales para responder efectivamente a las presiones ambientales. En toda comunidad biológica se desarrollan especies que son muy abundantes y especies poco comunes o raras. Estas últimas suelen considerarse más vulnerables ante la transformación de sus hábitats debido a que generalmente tienen bajas densidades poblacionales, están geográficamente restringidas y se encuentran en hábitats específicos. Para probar esta noción, se evaluó la respuesta funcional de especies arbóreas raras y abundantes en los bosques de montaña de la Altiplanicie Central, Montañas del Norte y Sierra Madre de Chiapas, México. Se eligieron cinco rasgos funcionales que reflejan una asociación con la captura de recursos, crecimiento y regeneración de las especies (tamaño del árbol, área foliar, tipo de diáspora, mecanismo de dispersión y afinidad sucesional). Un análisis de clasificación basado en la similitud de rasgos funcionales y distribución mostró que las especies consideradas raras se agrupan en tipos funcionales claramente discernibles de un grupo de especies comunes. El conjunto de especies registradas como raras corresponden a árboles de talla pequeña y crecimiento lento, tolerantes a la sombra, producen frutos drupáceos con dispersión zoocora (aves y mamíferos pequeños) y tienen afinidad sucesional tardía. Lo anterior reconoce los riesgos de la transformación de los bosques sobre estas especies poco comunes y aboga en favor de su conservación

Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax in Latin America: polymorphism and evolutionary relationships of the circumsporozoite gene

BACKGROUND: The origins and dispersal of Plasmodium vivax to its current worldwide distribution remains controversial. Although progress on P. vivax genetics and genomics has been achieved worldwide, information concerning New World parasites remains fragmented and largely incomplete. More information on the genetic diversity in Latin America (LA) is needed to better explain current patterns of parasite dispersion and evolution. METHODS: Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein gene polymorphism was investigated using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and Sanger sequencing in isolates from the Pacific Ocean coast of Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru. In conjunction with worldwide sequences retrieved from the Genbank, mismatch distribution analysis of central repeat region (CRR), frequency estimation of unique repeat types and phylogenetic analysis of the 3′ terminal region, were performed to obtain an integrative view of the genetic relationships between regional and worldwide isolates. RESULTS: Four RFLP subtypes, vk210a, b, c and d were identified in Southern Mexico and three subtypes vk210a, e and f in Nicaragua. The nucleotide sequences showed that Mexican vk210a and all Nicaraguan isolates were similar to other American parasites. In contrast, vk210b, c and d were less frequent, had a domain ANKKAEDA in their carboxyl end and clustered with Asian isolates. All vk247 isolates from Mexico and Peru had identical RFLP pattern. Their nucleotide sequences showed two copies of GGQAAGGNAANKKAGDAGA at the carboxyl end. Differences in mismatch distribution parameters of the CRR separate vk247 from most vk210 isolates. While vk247 isolates display a homogeneous pattern with no geographical clustering, vk210 isolates display a heterogeneous geographically clustered pattern which clearly separates LA from non-American isolates, except vk210b, c and d from Southern Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of vk210a in Mexico and vk210e, f and g in Nicaragua are consistent with other previously reported LA isolates and reflect their circulation throughout the continent. The vk210b, c and d are novel genotypes in LA. Their genetic relationships and low variability within these vk210 and/or within the vk247 parasites in Southern Mexico suggest its recent introduction and/or recent expansion to this region. The global analysis of P. vivax csp suggests this parasite introduction to the region and likely LA by different independent events

Evolutionary history and diversity in the ball roller beetle Canthon cyanellus

To understand the evolutionary history of species, it is necessary to know the mechanisms for reproductive isolation, divergence-time between populations, and the relative action of the evolutionary forces (e.g., mutation, genetic drift, gene flow) within and between populations of the same, or closely related species. Although Canthon is one of the more diverse genera of neotropical beetles, insufficient research has been done to comprehend the divergent patterns that explain its speciation process. The absence of diagnostic morphological characters and the wide geographic variation of qualitative traits in Scarabaeinae obscures species delimitation, genealogical limits between populations, and its taxonomy. Canthon cyanellus is one of the best-known species in ecological and evolutionary aspects. It is a widely distributed species in the tropical forests of America. Also, the current deforestation has facilitated its incursion into open areas. Individuals from different populations have similar morphological characters but show wide variation in body color throughout their distribution, which makes it difficult to delimit the subspecies that comprise it. Recently, studies have been carried out to elucidate the pre-and postzygotic isolation mechanisms between populations and the historical biogeographical processes favoring cladogenesis events during the Pleistocene. Morphological variation of the male genitalia does not correspond to the phylogeographic structure. However, the morphological differences in one of the pieces of the endophallic sclerites have allowed a preliminary delimitation of some genetically differentiated clades. Finally, we consider that the joint analysis of traditional morphological taxonomy and phylogeography is important to understand the speciation process in the C. cyanellus complex

Water quality of the Grijalva river on the Chiapas - Tabasco border

The objective was to characterize the water quality in a section of the Grijalva River and in some of its tributaries on the border between the States of Chiapas and Tabasco, in the rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-three physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined. The values obtained were compared with the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for water use and human consumption set out in Ocial Mexican standard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, and with the water quality classication scale of the Comisión Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The water quality in the studied section of the Grijalva River decreases as it descends to more populated areas of the State of Tabasco. Water turbidity and E. coli coliform levels increase, both in the river channels and in sources destined for human consumption. For the other variables evaluated, there are acceptable water quality characteristics, mainly in the dry season, except for mercury, which occurs at levels higher than those recommended. Further studies on the presence of mercury in the Grijalva River basin are recommended

Phylogeographic structure of Canthon cyanellus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a Neotropical dung beetle in the Mexican Transition Zone: Insights on its origin and the impacts of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on population dynamics

Canthon cyanellus is a roller dung beetle with a wide distribution range in the tropical forests of the New World. In Mexico, it inhabits the Pacific and the Gulf coasts, the Yucatan Peninsula and the south mainly in the State of Chiapas. This species shows a wide geographical variation in cuticle color, which has been used as defining trait for subspecies. In this study we analyzed the phylogeographic and demographic history of the Mexican populations of C. cyanellus using DNA sequences of the nuclear ITS2, and the mitochondrial COI and 16S genes. We found that not all the current valid subspecies are supported by the molecular analysis. The populations are genetically and geographically structured in five lineages. The diversification events that gave origin to the main lineages within this species complex occurred during the Pleistocine in a time range of 1.63–0.91 Myr. The demographic history of these lineages suggests post-glacial expansions toward the middle and the end of the Pleistocene. The combined data of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA suggest that the phylogeographic structure and demographic history of the C. cyanellus populations are the result of: the geological and volcanic activity that occurred from the end of the Pliocene to the Pleistocene; and the contraction and expansion of tropical forests due to the glacial and inter-glacial cycles during the Pleistocene. Landscape changes derived from historical events have affected the demographic history of the populations of this species. The results presented here point to the need to review the taxonomic status and delimitation of the lineages encompassed in the Canthon cyanellus complex.This work was financial supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México (CONACyT, grant number CB-168373, 257039). This paper constitutes a partial fulfilment of the Graduate Program in Biodiversidad: Conservación y Gestión de las Especies y sus Hábitat of the Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO), Universidad de Alicante, España