Primeiro estudo parasitológico em rã com garras Africano (Xenopus laevis, Anfibia) no Chile

Introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. Both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. Since their release into the wild in Chile following laboratory use, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central Chile. The only pathogen described on the host is the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999; thus, this is the first parasitological study of this species in Chile. In 10 localities in central Chile, 179 specimens of X. laevis were captured and examined for parasites in the gastrointestinal tube, cavities, lungs, liver, and skin. Only nine specimens of the genus Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 were found in six specimens of X. laevis from a private dam in La Patagua. It is likely that these parasites originated from species of native birds. This is the first record of Contracaecum sp. in Chilean amphibians.Espécies exóticas podem se introduzir em um novo território com seus parasitas, porém nesses casos, a riqueza parasitária seria menor. Contudo, hospedeiros exóticos e seus parasitas associados podem afetar a fauna nativa. Depois de ser dispensado do uso em laboratórios e solto em ambientes naturais, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 tem se espalhado massivamente no Chile central. O único patógeno descrito para este anuro é o fungo Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999. O presente estudo constitui a primeira pesquisa parasitológica realizada nesta espécie de rã introduzida no Chile. Em 10 localidades do Chile central, foram capturados 179 espécimes de X. laevis que foram examinadas em busca de parasitos dentro tubo digestivo, cavidades corporais, pulmões, fígado e pele. Nove espécimes do gênero Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 foram encontrados em seis espécimes de X. laevis de uma barragem em La Patagua. É provável que a origem destes parasitas sejam espécies de aves nativas. Este é o primeiro relato de Contracaecum sp. em anuros do Chile.Fil: Castillo, Cristóbal. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Lobos, Gabriel. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: González Acuña, Daniel. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Moreno, Lucila. Universidad de Concepción. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanografía; ChileFil: Gonzalez, Cynthya Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Landaeta-Aqueveque, Carlos. Universidad de Concepción; Chil

New records of parasite nematodes for <i>Tropidurus torquatus</i> (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in Argentina

Los estudios concernientes a nematodes parásitos en lagartos de Argentina se han llevado a cabo principalmente en la región Noroeste y en la región de Cuyo, siendo escasos en la región Nordeste del país. En el presente trabajo se analizó la nematofauna parasitaria de 43 especímenes del lagarto Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) en un área en proceso de urbanización en la periferia de la ciudad de Corrientes. Se hallaron un total de 239 nematodes en 28 lagartos (prevalencia total: 65,1%) pertenecientes a tres familias de órdenes diferentes: Parapharyngodon bainae (Pharyngodonidae, Oxyurida), Physaloptera tupinambae (Physalopteridae, Spirurida) y Oswaldocruzia sp. (Molineidae, Strongylida). De los mismos, se aportan datos referidos a sitio de infección, caracteres morfológicos y métricos, comentarios acerca de su distribución geográfica y hospedatoria, como así también, detalles sobre diferentes estructuras observadas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Con este trabajo, se amplía la distribución geográfica de las especies P. bainae y Ph. tupinambae, constituyendo el primer registro de ambas especies para la Argentina.Studies concerning to parasitic nematodes in lizards of Argentina have been done mainly in both the Northwest and Cuyo regions, being scarce in the Northeast region of the country. In the present work, the parasitic nematofauna from 43 specimens of Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) was analyzed. The sampling site was an area under an urbanization process in the periphery of Corrientes city. A total of 239 nematodes was found in 28 lizards (total prevalence: 65.1%), belonging to three families in three different orders: Parapharyngodon bainae (Pharyngodonidae, Oxyurida), Physaloptera tupinambae (Physalopteridae, Spirurida), and Oswaldocruzia sp. (Molineidae, Strongylida). Data related to the site of infection, morphological and metric parasite features, comments about their geographical and host distribution, and details of structures observed with scanning electron microscopy are provided in the present study. This work represents the first record of P. bainae and Ph. tupinambae from Argentina.Asociación Parasitológica Argentin

First report of Nematode parasites of physalaemus Albonotatus (Steindachner, 1984) (Anura: Leiuperidae) from Corrientes, Argentina.

Thirty-four adults of Physalaemus albonotatus (20 males and 14 females) were collected near the city of Corrientes, Province of Corrientes, Argentina (27°28'S - 58°50'W) between January 2001 and September 2004. Adults of four nematode species, Strongyloides sp., Oswaldocruzia sp., Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocerca parva and larvae of two other species, Spiroxys sp. and Physaloptera sp. were recovered from the digestive tract, lungs and gastric mucosa. We present morphologic characters (some with scanning electron microscopy), morphometric information and range extensions for these nematode species. This is the first report of nematode parasites of P. albonotatus from Argentina.Treinta y cuatro adultos de Physalaemus albonotatus (20 machos y 14 hembras) fueron colectados en las proximidades de la ciudad de Corrientes, provincia de Corrientes, Argentina (27°28'S - 58°50'W) entre enero del 2001 y septiembre del 2004 para el estudio de su fauna nematológica. Un total de cuatro especies de nemátodos en estado adulto Strongyloides sp., Oswaldocruzia sp., Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocerca parva y dos especies en estado larval, Spiroxys sp. y Physaloptera sp., fueron halladas en el tracto digestivo, pulmón y mucosa gástrica. En este estudio se presentan datos métricos y morfológicos de las especies halladas (algunos de ellos observados con microscopio electrónico de barrido). Éste es el primer reporte de nemátodos parásitos para P. albonotatus en Argentina

Cosmocerca podicipinus Baker & Vaucher 1984

Cosmocerca podicipinus Baker & Vaucher, 1984 (Fig. 1) This species is readily distinguished from other species by the fusion of the underlying sclerotized plectane supports between the plectanes (Baker & Vaucher 1984). The metric characters of males and females are presented and compared with material reported from other hosts in Table 2. Remarks The genus Cosmocerca is widely distributed in amphibians and reptiles in South American (Baker 1987), with nine species of Cosmocerca occurring in the region; C. brasiliensis Travassos, 1925; C. chilensis Lent and Freitas, 1948; C. cruzi Rodrigues and Fabio, 1970; C. paraguayensis Moravec and Kaiser, 1994; C. parva Travassos, 1925; C. podicipinus Baker and Vaucher, 1984; C. rara Freitas and Vicente, 1966; C. travassosi Rodrigues and Fabio, 1970; and C. uruguayensis Lent and Freitas, 1948 (Bursey & Goldberg 2004; 2005). Baker and González and Present study Present study Vaucher Hamann (2004) † C. fernandezae C. bergi (1984)* Total length M 1.88–3.17mm 1.72–3.22mm 3.15–3.82mm 2.03–3.87mm F 2.86–7.33mm 3.3 –6.0mm 2.35–4.29mm 2.4–6.97mm Width M – 120–225 184–241 160–300 F – 150–240 210–285 222–340 Pharynx M – 21–39 x 16–21 23 –32 x 21–23 20 – 27 x 18–25 F – 23–48 x 21–28 30 –50 x 32 –50 32–46 x 32 –53 Muscular esophagus M – 189–230 x 18–30 195–241 x 23–32 170–275 x 19–30 F – 219–271 x 25–35 282–400 x 34 –49 258–324 x 34 –48 Bulb M – 37–60 x 46 –57 55–69 x 48 –67 50–80 x 45 –78 F – 48–81 x 58 –78 71–110 x 90 –138 69–103 x 89 –108 Nerve ring from anterior end M 168–250 172–184 No obs. 110–230 F 176–247 240–260 162–300 180–240 Excretory pore from anterior end M 258–376 235–330 184–324 130–425 * from: Leptodactylus podicipinus, L. fuscus, L. elenae, L. chaquensis. † from: Pseudopaludicola falcipes. Cosmocerca podicipinus was originally described from Leptodactylus podicipinus of Capitan Bado, Amambay province, Paraguay. It has also been reported in Leptodactylus fuscus, L. elenae and L. chaquensis (Leptodactylidae) from Paraguay (Baker & Vaucher 1984); Atelopus spurrelli (Bufonidae) and Dendrobates histrionicus (Dendrobatidae) from Colombia (Goldberg & Bursey 2003); Bufo typhonius (Bufonidae), Colostethus marchesianus, Epipedobates femoralis (Dendrobatidae), Eleutherodactylus imitatrix and Leptodactylus leptodactyloides (Leptodactylidae) from Peru (Bursey et al. 2001), and Pseudopaludicola falcipes, Leptodactylus bufonius, L. chaquensis (Leptodactylidae) and Chaunus granulosus major (Bufonidae) from Corrientes, Argentina (González & Hamann 2004; 2006 a; 2006 b; Hamann et al. 2006). The general morphology of the present specimens corresponds to the original description, although the body size of male specimens are greater than those from other hosts in the same region (Table 2); female worms, however, are shorter in length than those of Baker and Vaucher (1984). Egg length falls within the range described by Baker and Vaucher (1984) and González and Hamann (2004), while the length of spicules in C. fernandezae and C. bergi is less than that studied by Baker and Vaucher (1984) and by González and Hamann (2004). We considered these differences intraspecific variations. Cosmocerca parva Travassos, 1925 (Figs. 2–3) This species is distinguished from the Cosmocerca podicipinus by the morphology of the plectanes; in C. podicipinus the plectanes on each side of body are fused by underlying sclerotized supports, whereas in C. parva union between the plectanas of each row does not exist. Morphometric characteristics of male and female C. parva are presented in Table 3 and compared with data from other hosts. * from Hyla fuscovaria, Bufo paracnemis, Leptodactylus chaquensis, L. elenae. † from Bufo granulosus major £ from Elosia nasus ‡ from Chaunus granulosus major Remarks In South America, Cosmocerca parva was found in Leptodactylus mystaceus, L. caliginosus, L. fuscus, L. ocellatus, Adenomera marmorata, Physalaemus signiferus, P. soaresi and Elosia nasus (Leptodactylidae) and Olylogon fuscovaria (Hylidae) from Brazil (Travassos, 1925; 1931; Silva 1954; Fabio 1982); in Leptodactylus sp., L. chaquensis, L. elenae (Leptodactylidae) and Olylogon fuscovaria (Hylidae) from Paraguay (Masi Pallares & Maciel 1974; Baker & Vaucher 1984), in Bufo glaberrimus, B. marinus and B. typhonius (Bufonidae), in Epipedobates pictus (Dendrobatidae), in Hyla fasciata, Phyllomedusa atelopoides, Scarthyla ostinodactyla, Scinax garbei and S. ictericus (Hylidae), in Edalorhina perezi, Eleutherodactylus fenestratus, E. peruvianus, E. toftae, Leptodactylus leptodactyloides and L. mystaceus (Leptodactylidae) and in Elachistocleis ovalis and Hamptophryne boliviana (Microhylidae) from Peru (Bursey et al. 2001). In Argentina it was found in Chaunus granulosus major (Bufonidae) and in Leptodactylus bufonius and L. chaquensis (Leptodactylidae) (Mordeglia & Digiani 1998; González & Hamann 2006 a; 2006 b; Hamann et al. 2006). Our measurements of this nematode agree with data collected in other hosts in the same region. Although male C. parva may possess 5–7 pairs of plectanes (Baker & Vaucher 1984), in all the males we examined only 5 pairs of plectanas were present (Table 3). The number of pairs of adanal papillae varies from 2–4 pairs in C. fernandezae but 3 pairs were consistently present in C. bergi we examined. Additionally in C. bergi we did not observe an unpaired papilla on the anterior lip of the anus, as reported by Mordeglia and Digiani (1998). We consider the differences reported here as intraspecific variation.Published as part of González, Cynthya Elizabeth & Hamann, Monika Inés, 2007, Nematode parasites of two species of Chaunus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Corrientes, Argentina, pp. 27-34 in Zootaxa 1393 on pages 28-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17528

Ortleppascaris

Ortleppascaris sp. (Larvae) (Figs. 4–5) Description Based on 13 specimens. Body 8.06 ± 0.75 mm (7.05–9.30) long and 184.68 ± 17.44 (140.3–210) wide, with cuticle almost smooth. Lateral cuticular alae well developed, extending from the level of nerve ring to level of rectum. Cephalic end rounded, bearing small ventral larval tooth. Esophagus narrow, 796.5 ± 131.41 (537.5– 975) long and 43.32 ± 7.04 (30–50) wide. Nerve ring encircling esophagus 216.03 ± 15.72 (186.5–246) from anterior extremity. Excretory pore just posterior to nerve ring 237.06 ± 32.52 (192–294). Anterior intestinal caecum narrow, exceeding half of esophagus length; length of caecum 521.38 ± 98.21 (350–725), its width 34.72 ± 5.44 (25–41.4). Tail conical, 108.68 ± 9.20 (96.6–126.5) long, sharply pointed. Remarks In South America these larvae have been reported previously in the liver of Leptodactylus bufonius (Leptodactylidae) from Corrientes, Argentina, by González and Hamann (2006 a). Adult nematodes of Ortleppascaris parasitize the intestinal tract of crocodiles; in South America being reported in the Paraguayan caiman, Caiman yacare (Alligatoridae) (Goldberg et al. 1991), in Caiman sclerops and Crocodylus intermedius from Venezuela and, in Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylidae) from Brazil (Campana­Rouget 1960; Sprent 1978). The specimens described by these authors differ from those described in the present study in that they are of greater size (total length: 5–12 mm; width: 144–234; length of esophagus: 480–1150 and nerve ring to anterior extremity: 210–282).Published as part of González, Cynthya Elizabeth & Hamann, Monika Inés, 2007, Nematode parasites of two species of Chaunus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Corrientes, Argentina, pp. 27-34 in Zootaxa 1393 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17528

Physaloptera

Physaloptera sp. (Larvae) (Figs. 6 – 7) Description Based on 1 specimen. Larval body whitish, 4.17 mm long and 200 wide, with transversely annulated cuticle. Terminus of head with two lateral lips and cephalic collar formed by inflated cuticle. On either lip a sclerotized support and one terminal tooth present at upper margin. Each lip bearing two cephalic papillae and one amphid. Muscular esophagus 200 long by 30 wide; length of glandular esophagus 1.3 mm by 88 wide. Nerve ring encircling muscular esophagus at its posterior half, 162 from anterior extremity. Excretory pore near anterior end of glandular esophagus, 212 from anterior end of body. Tail conical, 142 long. Remarks The larvae of Physaloptera sp. occur mainly in the stomach of reptiles, birds, mammals and, rarely, amphibians and fish (Anderson 2000). This genus has been noted in the following South American amphibians: Hyla faber (Hylidae), Bufo marinus (Bufonidae), Adenomera marmorata, Leptodactylus caliginosus, L. mystaceus, Physalaemus signiferus, P. soaresi and Proceratophrys appendiculata (Leptodactylidae), from Brazil (Boquimpani­Freitas et al. 2001; Vicente et al. 1990), Bufo marinus and B. typhonius (Bufonidae), Colostethus marchesianus (Dendrobatidae), Hyla boans, H. fasciata, H. granosa, H. leali, H. leucophyllata, H. marmorata, Osteocephalus taurinus, Phrynohyas coriacea, P. venulosa, Phyllomedusa tomopterna, Scinax icterica and S. ruba (Hylidae), Edalorhina perezi, Eleutherodactylus cruralis, E. fenestratus, Leptodactylus bolivianus, L. leptodactyloides, L. mystaceus, L. pentadactylus, L. rhodonotus and L. lineatus (Leptodactylidae), Ctenophryne geayi and Hamptophryne boliviana (Microhylidae) and Pseudis paradoxa (Pseudidae) from Peru (Bursey et al. 2001). In Argentina, they have been reported by González and Hamann (2006 a; 2006 b) from Leptodactylus bufonius (Leptodactylidae) and Chaunus granulosus major (Bufonidae).Published as part of González, Cynthya Elizabeth & Hamann, Monika Inés, 2007, Nematode parasites of two species of Chaunus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Corrientes, Argentina, pp. 27-34 in Zootaxa 1393 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17528

Cosmocerca Diesing 1861

Genus Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861 Nematodes with conspicuous sexual dimorphism; body cuticle provided with transverse striations. Lateral alae present. Mouth with 3 small v­shaped lips, dorsal lip with 2 sessile papillae, each ventrolateral lip with 1 ventral sessile papilla. Esophagus with short pharynx, cylindrical corpus, and posterior bulb containing valves. Somatic papillae numerous, in two ventral, two subventral, two dorsal and two subdorsal rows, extending from cervical region to posterior end.Published as part of González, Cynthya Elizabeth & Hamann, Monika Inés, 2007, Nematode parasites of two species of Chaunus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Corrientes, Argentina, pp. 27-34 in Zootaxa 1393 on page 28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17528

First parasitological study of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis, Amphibia) in Chile

Abstract Introduced species can arrive into new territories with parasites; however, these species are expected to face lower parasite richness than in their original regions. Both introduced hosts and parasites can affect native fauna. Since their release into the wild in Chile following laboratory use, Xenopus laevis Daudin, 1802 has widely spread throughout central Chile. The only pathogen described on the host is the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Longcore, Pessier, Nichols, 1999; thus, this is the first parasitological study of this species in Chile. In 10 localities in central Chile, 179 specimens of X. laevis were captured and examined for parasites in the gastrointestinal tube, cavities, lungs, liver, and skin. Only nine specimens of the genus Contracaecum Railliet, Henry, 1912 were found in six specimens of X. laevis from a private dam in La Patagua. It is likely that these parasites originated from species of native birds. This is the first record of Contracaecum sp. in Chilean amphibians