SEGMENTATION OF 3D MODELS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE STRUCTURALANALYSIS – SOME CRITICAL ISSUES

Cultural Heritage documentation and preservation has become a fundamental concern in this historical period. 3D modelling offers a perfect aid to record ancient buildings and artefacts and can be used as a valid starting point for restoration, conservation and structural analysis, which can be performed by using Finite Element Methods (FEA). The models derived from reality-based techniques, made up of the exterior surfaces of the objects captured at high resolution, are - for this reason - made of millions of polygons. Such meshes are not directly usable in structural analysis packages and need to be properly pre-processed in order to be transformed in volumetric meshes suitable for FEA. In addition, dealing with ancient objects, a proper segmentation of 3D volumetric models is needed to analyse the behaviour of the structure with the most suitable level of detail for the different sections of the structure under analysis. Segmentation of 3D models is still an open issue, especially when dealing with ancient, complicated and geometrically complex objects that imply the presence of anomalies and gaps, due to environmental agents such as earthquakes, pollution, wind and rain, or human factors. The aims of this paper is to critically analyse some of the different methodologies and algorithms available to segment a 3D point cloud or a mesh, identifying difficulties and problems by showing examples on different structures

Editorial for the Special Issue: “3D Virtual Reconstruction for Cultural Heritage”

The use of 3D modelling, computer-aided design (CAD), augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) for the acquisition and virtual reconstruction of Cultural Heritage is of great importance in the analysis, study, documentation and dissemination of the past. Reverse engineering (RE) and computer graphics (CG) are also relevant aids for the visualisation and preservation of Cultural Heritage. The integrated use of AR and VR technologies helps to accomplish the full potential of 3D models obtained with reality-based techniques and CAD data, and it aims at interactively communicating the significance of the heritage to non-experts. AR and VR are valid tools for interacting with 3D models and help make culture more accessible to the wider public. Their flexibility can help museum curators to adapt cultural proposals and information about artefacts based on different types of visitor’s categories. These technologies allow visitors to travel through space and time, have fun and get educated on complicated topics. VR/AR technologies are also extremely useful for recreating a lost or hidden environment, leading to a better comprehension of the site or allowing people to discover important sites that are not visible, both for security and conservation reasons

Resilient connections

[EN] The paper presents Axis Strutture, patented by the authors, awarded with V:alere funds (VAnvitelli pER la ricErca 2020) for the establishment of an innovative start-up, now academic spin-off. It is based on the assemble of iron and wood with 'pins' (in Latin 'axis') threaded to ensure an economic profit in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, reviewing ancient technologies in the light of advanced research. The focus is on the structural connections of a construction system that clamps the steel frame elements with the wooden infill, allowing to assemble modular, prefabricated and flexible components customized on the design phase’s request. It provides effective emergency shelters assembled or dismantled as quickly as tents but more stable, healthier and comfortable. With a single star key, the steel uprights can be attested with wooden and similar tampons avoiding nails and screws which allows the total reuse of the components. The patented connections implement a new construction method promoting the self-construction of garden houses, leisure environments, bungalows, garages and quality housing modules, since they are resilient, resistant and with a controllable impact on the environment. The case study provides an opportunity to verify actions aimed at the implementation of Design for Adaptability strategies promoting virtuous life cycles that involves the entire community in sustainable models from an economic, environmental and social point of view.The case study develops the application potential of an idea patented by the authors awarded with the V: alere funds (VAnvitelli pER la ricErca 2020) for the establishment of an innovative start-up, now an academic spin-ofRossi, A.; Gonizzi Barsanti, S. (2021). Resilient connections. VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability. 6(1):24-37. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2021.15375OJS243761Adjodha, Joshua. (2018). Structural Design for Adaptability and Growth.Bullen, P. 2011. Factors influencing the adaptive re-use of buildings. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 9, pp. 32-46. https://doi.org/10.1108/17260531111121459Israelsson, N. 2009. 'Factors influencing flexibility in buildings'. Structural Survey, 27, pp. 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800910956461Lemer, A.C. 1996. 'Infrastructure Obsolescence and Design Service Life'. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(1996)2:4(153)Mallach, E. 2006. 'A Database Project in a Small Company (or How the Real World Doesn't Always Follow the Book)'. Journal of Cases on Information Technology (JCIT), 8(3), pp. 24-40. https://doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2006070103Manewa, A., Siriwardena, M., Ross, A., & Madanayake, U. 2016. 'Adaptable buildings for sustainable built environment'. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-10-2014-0053Miller, Donald. 1996. City of the Century. New York: PaperbachsPinder, J.A., Schmidt, R., Austin, S.A., Gibb, A., & Saker, J. 2017. 'What is meant by adaptability in buildings?' Facilities, 35(1/2), pp. 2-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-07-2015-0053Remøy, H., de Jong, P., & Schenk, W. 2011. 'Adaptable office buildings'. Property Management, 29(5), pp. 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637471111178128Rockow, Zoraya Roldan, "Qualitative & Quantitative Analyses of Existing Buildings' Adaptability" (2020). All Dissertations. 2670. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2670Turan, M. 2009. 'Reconstructing The Balloon Frame: A Study In The History Of Architectonics'. Metu Journal of The Faculty of Architecture, 26, pp. 175-209. https://doi.org/10.4305/METU.JFA.2009.2.1

Chapter Oppido Mamertina in 3D: dalla fotogrammetria alla ricostruzione digitale

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of ‘Dialogues’ as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with ‘others’, which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, “dialogue” as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title ‘translated’ into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences

Chapter Ripresentare il reperto di Hatra

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of ‘Dialogues’ as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with ‘others’, which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, “dialogue” as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title ‘translated’ into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences

Information modelling actions from a survey of the Neronian era

[EN] Redesigning the ichonographiae carved in the marble table kept at the Archaeological Museum of the Umbrian capital, has a double meaning: (1) to collect what has been examined by experts of Roman topography on a cartographic practice already recurrent at the death of Augustus, (2) observe with a renewed spirit a document of fundamental interest for the history of survey and architectural drawing. There are in fact three horizontal sections meticulously quoted in Roman ¿feet¿: the ground floor of a funerary monument with an outdoor triclino (scale 1:84), the plan of a vegetable garden serving the rustic villa (scale 1: 140) inhabited on the upper level by the caretaker (1: 230). Proceeding from the mathematical analysis to the planimetric vectorization of the monumental complex, the contribution illustrates the reasons and the path that informed the 3D reconstruction. In compliance with a digital practice shared by the scientific communities; the unprecedented interpretation represented an opportunity to explore its potential uses in terms of a renewed communication paradigm. The objective in progress is aimed at raising a frame of meanings around the memory of Imperial civilization, to guide strategies that do not fail to fall on the policies of protection and enhancement of the property studied. The immersive use of models and adequate spaces for collaboration, which have become collectors of information, thanks and by virtue of dedicated servers, lead to the generalization of issues, which, by affecting a wider audience of users, encourage socio-economic programs as well as cultural technicians.Rossi, A.; Lillo Giner, S.; Gonizzi Barsanti, S. (2021). Information modelling actions from a survey of the Neronian era. DisegnareCon. 14(27):1-17. https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.27.2021.2S117142

HBIM FROM A FIRST CENTURY ICONOGRAPHY

Protecting and enhancing inherited assets is a duty of every age; ours requires disclosure through the services of the interconnected network, the only one, to date, capable of reaching a wide audience and with it attracting adequate economic resources for the implementation of programs. In keeping with the international definition of "Cultural Heritage", the paper describes the methodology that guided the construction in 3D of the monumental building sculpted in the iconographies between 52 and 62 AD on the marble slab now preserved at the archaeological museum of Perugia. An informative workflow on what has been collected is proposed to then discuss the potential of its uses. The focus lies in particular on the possibility of the model to act as an interoperable collector to compare the reconstructive hypotheses. The final objective looks at the opportunity to create multimedia, multimodal and cross modal collaboration spaces to remedy aspects that, by affecting a wider audience of users, encourage socio-economic policies

Scan-to-HBIM e Gis per la documentazione dei beni culturali: un’utile integrazione

L’utilizzo dei GIS per la gestione di dati geo-spaziali di Beni Culturali, integrati alle procedure Scan-to-HBIM, si dimostra un utilissimo strumento sia per l’archiviazione e consultazione, sia per la con-servazione dei manufatti. Questa infatti si lega strettamente alla regolare manutenzione di tali edifici. Per realizzarla in modo efficace è necessario disporre di uno strumento che consenta di raccogliere, confrontare e condividere tutti i dati disponibili sulle loro dimensioni, sullo stato di conservazione attuale e sulle attività di manutenzione o restauro eseguite nel tempo. I modelli 3D derivati dai ri-lievi diventano base del progetto di conservazione e tutela, molto più efficaci se inseriti in un GIS ‘contenitore’ delle molteplici informazioni, suddivise in specifiche e univoche categorie (oggetti). Ogni modello viene direttamente corredato, collegati alle definizioni geometriche, dai dati alfanumerici relativi (localizzazione, materiali, caratteristiche tecniche, aspetto manutentivo, analisi strutturali, sti-ma dei costi per il restauro etc.). Un Sistema Informativo così formato comporta la segmentazione dei modelli tridimensionali reali nelle loro parti strutturali e decorative, singolarmente trasformate in componenti HBIM. Esso diviene così costantemente implementabile ed interrogabile, non come semplice catalogo di informazioni, ma anche e soprattutto strumento capace di garantire attività di estrazione, combinazione e condivisione di tutte le parti necessarie

Digital Data and Semantic Simulation—The Survey of the Ruins of the Convent of the Paolotti (12th Century A.D.)

In the presence of architecturally significant ruins, restoring and disseminating the idea of a testimony that has survived the destructive work of time is a cultural and social necessity that the use of advanced methods and tools allows to communicate in a timely and comprehensive manner. The integration of 3D surveying techniques and digital information production and management processes (graphic and alphanumeric, i.e., geometric information) makes it possible to put in place multifaceted and effective strategies. The article aims at describing the process of data acquisition (using applied photogrammetry) of the remains of a medieval cloister located on the outskirts of ancient Oppido Mamertina (RC, Italy). The use of the acquired point cloud, cleaned and optimised, made it possible to extract suitable orthophotos from which to derive the matrix profiles of the vaulted roof system. The information organisation of the model, which can be queried on time despite the generic level of detail, leads us to meditate on the change taking place in the field of documentation for urban environmental design and maintenance

Oppido Mamertina in 3D: dalla fotogrammetria alla ricostruzione digitale

The integration between 3D survey techniques and digital reconstruction allows to increase the knowledge and awareness of a Cultural Heritage. Its use becomes fundamental not only to study an ancient building or artefact, but also to communicate it to non-experts and make it more accessible and understandable. Basing the digital reconstruction on an accurate data such as a survey using reality-based techniques, allows to have an accurate and precise data base, as well as metrics, from which the reconstruction can be derived. The study of the geometry and characteristics of the site is favoured as the survey provides a metric and detailed basis of the characteristics of the building surveyed. This contribution aims at describing the methodology used to reconstruct the medieval cloister of ancient Oppido Mamertina (RC) in 3D, starting from the survey using a photogrammetric technique. The purpose of the work is to provide the Municipality and the Superintendency with accurate documentation of the site, as well as a navigable digital model that can be used for tourism purposes in view of the definition of a visit path for the enhancement of the site