Antimicrobial removal on piglets promotes health and higher bacterial diversity in the nasal microbiota

The view on antimicrobials has dramatically changed due to the increased knowledge on the importance of microbiota composition in different body parts. Antimicrobials can no longer be considered only beneficial, but also potentially deleterious for favourable bacterial populations. Still, the use of metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment at early stages of life is a practice in use in porcine production. Many reports have shown that antibiotics can critically affect the gut microbiota, however the effect of perinatal antimicrobial treatment on the nasal microbiota has not been explored yet. To gain insights on the potential changes in nasal microbial composition due to antimicrobial treatments, piglets from two different farms were sampled at weaning. The nasal microbiota was analysed when antimicrobial treatment was used early in life, and later, when no antimicrobial treatment was used during the lactation period. Removal of perinatal antimicrobials resulted in an increased bacterial diversity in nasal microbiota at weaning. Concurrently, elimination of antimicrobials produced an increase in the relative abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus, and a decrease in Moraxella and Bergeyella. These changes in microbiota composition were accompanied by an improvement of the piglets' health and a higher productivity in the nursery phase

Biomechanical study of cervical spine with pathology

O conhecimento da cinemática da coluna cervical é uma ferramenta muito importante, dado que esta região é uma das estruturas mais complexas do esqueleto humano e porque a incidência de incapacidade que pode resultar de traumas ou doenças degenerativas é relativamente elevada. O principal objetivo deste estudo consiste na análise e comparação da fusão cervical anterior e/ou fusão cervical posterior como possíveis tratamentos para uma fratura do tipo C2.2, segundo a classificação da AO spine injury classification system, sendo que este estudo poderá auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na escolha do melhor método de fusão. Para o efeito, foi construído um modelo 3 D de elementos finitos do segmento cervical C4‐C5‐C6. Foram modelados os respetivos discos intervertebrais (IV ) e os seus componentes, nomeadamente o núcleo pulposo, o anel fibroso, as fibras lamelares e as placas cartilaginosas. Os 6 conjuntos de ligamentos (longitudinais anteriores, longitudinais posteriores, interespinhosos, supraespinhosos, amarelos e capsulares) foram também modelados, assim como as articulações intervertebrais. A simulação de uma fratura foi realizada em 3 passos distintos: introdução de uma fratura na zona anterior da vértebra C5, o comprometimento (rompimento) dos ligamentos da região posterior e o deslizamento da vértebra C5. A instrumentação utilizada nos tratamentos em estudo e ainda a substituição dos discos lesados por um enxerto ósseo proveniente do ilíaco foram também modeladas. Com este estudo, concluiu‐se que a fusão cervical anterior e posterior apresenta melhores resultados em comparação com os outros tipos de fusão cervical estudados em termos de deslocamento da unidade funcional.The knowledge of the kinematics of the cervical spine is a very important tool, since this region is one of the more complex structures of the human skeleton and because the incidence of failure that may result from trauma or degenerative diseases is relatively high. The main objective of this study is the analysis and comparison of anterior cervical fusion and/or posterior cervical fusion as possible treatments for a fracture of type C2.2 according to AO spine injury classification system, and this study may assist health professionals in choosing the best fusion technique. To this end we built a 3 D finite element model of the cervical segment C4‐C5‐C6. Their intervertebral discs (IV ) and its components, namely the nucleus pulposus, the annulus fibrosus, the fibers and the lamellar cartilaginous plates were modeled. Six sets of ligaments (anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, interspinous, suprespinous, yellow and capsular) and the facet joints were also modeled. The simulation of the fracture was performed in 3 different steps: introduction of a fracture zone in the previous C5 vertebra, rupture of the ligaments of the posterior region and the sliding of the C5 vertebra. The instrumentation used in the study treatments and even the replacement of the damaged disc by bone graft from the iliac bone, were also modeled. Analyzing the displacements of the functional unit it was concluded that the anterior and posterior cervical fusion provides the best results compared to other types of cervical fusion studied in terms of displacement of the functional unit.Peer Reviewe

Effects of Sand Addition to Heavy Saline-Alkali Soil on the Infiltration and Salt Leaching in Hetao Irrigation District, China

Proceeding PaperSoil salinity is a matter of great economic and environmental implications. In Hetao Irrigation District, soil salinity limits crop productivity affecting about 69% of its total cultivated land due to natural soil salinisation and salt accumulation caused by irrigation. The goal of this study is to contribute to the alleviation of this problem through the technique of adding wind-sand to the top layer of heavy saline-alkali soil, and to evaluate and analyse their effects on the infiltration and salt leaching. The experiment was carried out on a laboratory scale. Clayey soil with 21 g/kg of salts collected at the Ulat Front Banner site was used. Wind-sand was added to the top 30 cm layer of this soil. The infiltration tests were carried out in plastic columns with 9 cm diameter and 45 cm high, loaded with a soil and wind-sand mixture (from 2% to 30% ratio), supplied by a constant hydraulic head. Soil water samples were collected for 15 days for quantification of the soil salt leaching. A significant increase of the infiltration rate was observed in the first infiltration hour, rising from 1 to 9 mm/h, in response to the addition of 8% and 30% of sandy particles, respectively. The effects of wind-sand in salt leaching were relevant in the top 20 cm layer. After 7 days of infiltration there was a decrease in the salt content in soils with 4%, 8%, and 30% of sand particles added, of 35%, 55%, and 95%, respectively, in relation to the control. In conclusion, the practice of adding sandy particles to the topsoil is a soil melioration method that allows a positive impact on soil infiltration and salt leaching. An addition of 8% of sand seems to be a good choice, as it favours an increase in salt leaching of about 55% after 7 days. These results are encouraging and appeal to field studies to assess the impact on a field-scale system, and the effects of this soil melioration on irrigation, drainage, and agronomic aspectsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Interactions between Bio-Based Compounds and Cyclodextrins

Bio-based compounds, such as “green” surfactants and phytochemicals, are regarded as future sustainable resources for a vast range of applications in a modern society increasingly demanding economical, social, and environmental awareness. Natural compounds from plants (phytochemicals) are very sought by the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. On the other hand, the growing interest in “green” surfactants (e.g., carbohydrate-based) is due to, inter alia, their preparation from renewable raw materials, ready biodegradability, and biocompatibility, among other reasons of fundamental, practical, economical, and environmental orders. Despite the wide range of potential applications of these bio-based compounds, their practical use is still limited due to many reasons such as poor aqueous solubility, volatility, reactivity, etc. Generally, when complexed with cyclodextrins, these bio-based compounds enhance considerably their performance and potential applications. Thus, this chapter aims at recalling some general fundamental aspects of phytochemicals and “green” surfactants, such as structure, function, and applications. In addition, their interactions with cyclodextrins are discussed from a physicochemical point of view with special focus on the techniques, mathematic modeling, and thermodynamic parameters (e.g., interactions, stoichiometries, association constants, etc.)

Genetic variants of CYP2C9 and IL-6 on female infertility

AIM: To study the polymorphic variants in CYP2C9*2*3 and the C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene on Infertile Women.BACKGROUND: - Infertility affects 15–20% of couples worldwide. Within the past decades, there has been a steady rise in the treatment of female infertility with several drugs; - The cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes are oxygenases involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism, generation of DNA damaging procarcinogens, and response to anti-estrogen therapies used in female infertility treatments: - Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine, highly expressed in the female urogenital tract and reproductive organs. It has been implicated in estrogen metabolism imbalance.N/

Sustainable management of olive rainfed orchards by the introduction of leguminous cover crops

The olive sector has a crucial economic, social, cultural and ecological relevance in the Mediterranean region, where tillage and herbicides application are still generalized practices. However, these practices oppose the recommendations of UE Common Agricultural Policy and thus, management methods that decrease requirement for agricultural chemicals are needed to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Moreover, they can play an important role in atmospheric C01 emission and fixation. We propose green manure legumes to reduce erosion, soil compaction and nih·ate pollution, to improve biodiversity, soil carbon sink and fertility, to save fossil fuels and to increase yield and the safety and nutritional value of food products. The 3-yearfield study carried out in Northeast Portugal revealed that self-reseeding annual legumes is a promising strategy since increase the summer soil water content, the vegetative growth and the physiological tree pe1jormance, that was reflected in a 38% higher cumulative yield then tillage techniques.PTDC-AGR-AAM/098326/200

Managing soils for mitigation and adaptation of rainfed olive trees to climate change

The olive sector has an important economic, social, cultural and ecological relevance in the Mediterranean region, where tillage still is a generalized practice, although the recommendations of UE policy for a more sustainable agriculture. In fact, tillage has negative side-effects, including increased soil erosion and high labor and fuel requirements, and relevant changes on soil quality indicators, as bulk density, porosity, water-holding capacity, organic matter content and microbial activity. The study conducted in two different rainfed orchards (cv. Cobrançosa) of Northeast Portugal revealed that cover crops with self-reseeding legumes of short-cycle, with mulch of dead vegetation during the dry season, and a permanent sward grazed with a flock of sheep, are better options for soil management in olive tree rainfed orchards. Both practices influence positively the olive tree water status during the drought season, as well the nutritional status, contributing to greater physiological performance during the summer, as evidenced by higher net photosynthetic rate, mainly due to inferior stomatal limitations, and enhanced yield. Moreover, these less disruptive agronomic practices increased the levels of total and easily extractable glomalin, a thermostable hydrophobic glycoprotein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, that play an important role in the stability of soil aggregates and in the sequestration of nitrogen and carbon. These results indicate that these practices should be included in the portfolio of management strategies against climate change, contributing to the sustainability of rainfed orchards under a changing environment.This work was funded by the INTERACT project – “Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chains and Technology”, no. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017, in its lines of research entitled ISAC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Green manure legumes affect seasonal soil and leaf CO2 exchange rates in an olive rainfed orchard

Management methods that decrease requirement for agricultural chemicals are needed to reduce adverse environmental impacts. Moreover, they can play an important role in atmospheric C02 emission and fixation. We propose green manure legumes to reduce erosion, soil compaction and nitrate pollution, to improve biodiversity, soil carbon sink and fertility, to save fossil fuels and to increase yield and the nutritional value of food products. The research was carried out near Mirandela, Northeast Portugal, on a 15- year commercial olive orchard (Olea europaea L. cv. Cobrançosa), grown under rainfed conditions

Benefícios da aplicação de azoto, potássio e boro na fisiologia da oliveira em condições de sequeiro

O azoto, o potássio e o boro são nutrientes que frequentemente condicionam a fisiologia da oliveira (Olea europaea L.). O azoto apresenta um papel primordial por ser constituinte de vários compostos orgânicos, em especial proteínas, ácidos nucleicos, hormonas e clorofila. O boro influencia directamente a produção por proporcionar maior desenvolvimento radicular, maximizando o aproveitamento da água e dos fertilizantes, bem como por estar directamente envolvido na formação da parede celular, contribuindo para aumento da resistência geral da planta. Relativamente ao potássio, para além do efeito directo na produção, existem evidências que as árvores bem nutridas com este elemento toleram melhor a seca. Neste trabalho apresentam-se resultados de um ensaio de campo com duas modalidades de azoto, duas modalidades de potássio e duas modalidades de boto, conduzidos em olival de sequeiro de Verdeal Transmontana em Mirandela, desde o início de 2004