GILT: Translation and Software Localization

A localização tem vindo a evoluir ao longo dos tempos de modo a acompanhar um mundo cada vez mais digital e, dessa maneira, este campo tem vindo a consolidar-se de forma silenciosa através do surgimento de novas empresas e de novos postos de trabalho. Enquanto isso, a tradução, por si só, encontra-se mais estabilizada. De qualquer forma estas duas vertentes estão diretamente ligadas já que a localização se baseia na tradução de websites ou de software para diferentes locales. De uma forma geral são áreas distintas, mas ligadas entre si. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, de forma concreta, e com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e de outras fontes na web, aliada à minha experiência na cadeira de Localização de Software, as diferenças e relações entre a tradução e a localização de software. Para isso, são apresentados alguns dos aspetos mais importantes no âmbito da tradução e da localização, assim como as principais tarefas dos profissionais que as desempenham. Neste artigo são mencionados aspetos que separam estas duas áreas e outros comuns, que fazem com que por vezes se confundam. Por conseguinte, o presente artigo pretende esclarecer o modelo GILT recorrendo à metodologia de síntese da literatura.Software localization has been evolving through the years to keep up with an increasingly digital world and, in this way, this field has been established with the emergence of new companies and jobs. Meanwhile, the translation, by itself, is more established. Still, we can say that these two aspects are directly connected since the software localization is based on the translation of websites or software for new locales. In general, they are different, however, connected areas. The aim of this article is to present, in a concrete way, and based on a bibliographical and other web sources research, coupled with my experience in the Software Localization discipline, the differences between the software localization and translation. For this, some of the most important points of the translation and the localization scope and the main tasks that their professionals undertake are exposed. In this text, the line that separates these two areas, that are, sometimes, confused, is mentioned. Therefore, the present article intends to clarify the GILT model using the literature synthesis methodology.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Engineering a Cas9-monomeric Streptavidin Fusion to Increase CRISPR Knock-in Efficiency In Vitro

The discovery of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), a bacterial adaptative defence system, was one of the major recent biotechnological breakthroughs, which has revolutionized gene editing in several fields. This system can be artificially manipulated to guide a Cas9 endonuclease with a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to regions of interest in the genome of a given cell. When a target sequence is recognized, Cas9 inserts a double-strand break that triggers the DNA repair of that region by either the error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or the error-free, template-dependent, homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway. To increase the local concentration of the template DNA, skewing the repair to the HDR pathway, a Cas9 fused to a monomeric streptavidin (MSA) has been used, which was tethered to a biotinylated template DNA, thus increasing the efficiency of repair. In this thesis, two-point mutations - S14R and T39W, hypothesized to increase streptavidin's affinity to biotin - were inserted into the MSA gene of the Cas9-MSA-encoding plasmid. The engineered Cas9-MSA** plasmid, as well as the original Cas9-MSA and Cas9-wild-type (WT) plasmids, were used to transfect DR-GFP cells and were shown to have comparable HDR activities. Furthermore, with the addition of an exogenous template to the transfection conditions, the mutated Cas9-MSA produced the highest number of HDR-caused events with the biotinylated template, with a 1.3-fold increase of effi-ciency when compared to the original Cas9-MSA, and a 2.1-fold increase when compared to the tradi-tional Cas9-WT system. These results are encouraging to explore this field of research further and im-prove the CRISPR-Cas9 technique to reach the required efficacy and safety for gene therapy applica-tions.A descoberta em bactérias do sistema de defesa adaptativo Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) foi um dos principais recentes avanços biotecnológicos, pois revolucionou a edição genética em diferentes campos. Este sistema pode ser artificialmente manipulado para direcionar uma endonuclease Cas9 com um RNA guia (sgRNA) para regiões de interesse no genoma de uma determinada célula. Quando uma sequência-alvo é reconhecida, a Cas9 insere uma quebra de cadeia dupla que desencadeia a reparação do DNA dessa região, através de non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) - propensa a erros - ou de homology-directed repair (HDR) - sem erros e dependente de um molde. Para aumentar a concentração local do molde de DNA, melhorarando a eficiência de reparação por HDR, foi utilizada uma Cas9 fundida a uma streptavidina monomérica (MSA), a qual foi ligada a um molde de DNA biotinilado, deste modo aumentando a eficiência da reparação. Nesta tese, duas mutações pontuais - S14R e T39W - foram inseridas no gene MSA do plasmídeo que codifica para a Cas9-MSA, com a hipótese de aumentar a afinidade da streptavidina para a biotina. O plasmídeo modificado Cas9-MSA**, assim como os plasmídeos de Cas9-MSA original e de Cas9-wild-type (WT), foram utilizados para transfetar células DR-GFP, e mostraram atividades de HDR semelhantes. Com a adição de um molde exógeno às condições de transfeção, a Cas9-MSA mutada produziu o maior número de eventos causados por HDR com o molde de DNA biotinilado, com um aumento de eficiência de 1.3 vezes quando comparado com a Cas9-MSA original, e de 2.1 vezes quando comparado com o sistema tradicional de Cas9-WT. Estes resultados são encorajadores para explorar esta área de investigação e melhorar a técnica de CRISPR-Cas9, para que possa possuir a eficácia e segurança necessárias para aplicações em terapia genética

Tradução assistida por computador: um estudo de caso

O acrónico GILT, enquanto modelo integrador de um processo evolutivo constante, vem acompanhando os tempos, neste que é um mundo cada vez mais digital, numa tentativa de facilitar com sucesso o trabalho dos profissionais que conseguem fazer a ponte entre culturas: os tradutores. Numa perspetiva global, a tradução está de mãos dadas com a localização, uma vez que esta última se baseia na tradução de suportes digitais (websites, software, etc) ou outros suportes analógicos (livros e documentos em papel) para diferentes locales, para que, dessa forma, fique assegurada a plena adaptação linguística e cultural do idioma de chegada. São, portanto, áreas distintas, mas ligadas entre si. O objetivo desta investigação foi apresentar a relação entre o modelo GILT e a produtividade e eficácia no complexo processo tradutivo. Metodologicamente, este trabalho baseou-se na pesquisa bibliográfica efetuada de acordo com as fontes e publicações relevantes da área da tradução e localização de software e páginas web e consubstanciou-se no correspondente estudo de caso no âmbito da utilização do software TRADOS e PASSOLO por parte dos alunos do 2º ano do Mestrado de Tradução do IPB, no ano letivo 2016/2017. Os resultados mostraram que estas tecnologias localização são deveras cruciais para o atual trabalho do tradutor e localizador ou de uma equipa de tradução. Podemos assim afirmar que esta investigação cumpre a sua premissa de expor as vantagens da aplicação deste modelo, aliado às ferramentas referidas, para que seja assegurada toda a eficácia da tradução e localização de suportes informacionais diversos.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comment on ``Strength and genericity of singularities in Tolman-Bondi-de Sitter collapse'' and a note on central singularities

It has been claimed that the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi-de Sitter solution always admits future-pointing radial time-like geodesics emerging from the shell-focussing singularity, regardless of the nature of the (regular) initial data. This is despite the fact that some data rule out the emergence of future pointing radial null geodesics. We correct this claim and show that in general in spherical symmetry, the absence of radial null geodesics emerging from a central singularity is sufficient to prove that the singularity is censored.Comment: 3 pages, revtex4, submitted to Phys. Lett.

Gentrificación y rehabilitación urbana: la ambigüedad y la certeza en la afirmación de la ciudad contemporánea

Peer Reviewe

Creative tourism special issue: foreword

This Tourism and Management Studies Special Issue on Creative Tourism is born under the scope of a very original project: the CREATOUR - Creative Tourism Destination Development in Small Cities and Rural Areas. The CREATOUR project is the first action-research project in Portugal whose objectives are to study and to stimulate the creative tourism initiatives in small places and rural areas. CREATOUR is an incubator/demonstration and multidisciplinary research initiative, supporting collaborative research processes involving five Portuguese research centres working with a range of cultural/creative organisations and other stakeholders located in small cities across Portugal in the Norte, Centro, Alentejo and Algarve regions.Agência financiadora Joint Activities Programme of PORTUGAL 2020 ( Project 16437 ); COMPETE2020; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Eco-efficiency assessment in apple production and storage in the northeast of Portugal

Cost reduction, product quality, and customer demands have been pressing the agro-industrial sector to adopt more sustainable practices. Assessing the environmental performance of the food sector worldwide is crucial to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural and industrial practices. This study focus on the assessment of the eco-efficiency of the apple production and storage in the northeastern region of Portugal, one of the largest production regions, using a set of environmental indicators such as energy intensity (EI), water withdrawn intensity (WWI) and GHG emission intensity (GEI). System boundaries include the farming and the storage subsystems. Upstream and down-stream processes such as fertilization production, apple distribution and waste treatment were not taken into account. Inventory information was gathered from two apple farms and one apple storage company. Data was gathered for a reference year. Results show that each ton of apple exiting the system requires on average 32.7 kgoe of primary energy, 74.9 m3 of water and generates an emission of 75.2 kgCO2e. Apple orchard irrigation was identified as the most energy-demanding activity with up to 63% of the energy input. Industrial cold was identified as the most energy-demanding activity (50%) in the apple storage stage. Water is required in both subsystems but the amount used in the storage is residual (<1%) when compared with its use by agricultural subsystem. Taking into account the GHG emissions from the use of energy, apple cultivation had a lower contribution for GEI (40%) than the apple storage (60%). Unlike other food systems, a more eco-efficient apple production can be accomplished through improvements in both stages, since energy costs and environmental impacts are greatly associated with energy use.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mapping intangibilities in creative tourism territories through tangible objects: a methodological approach for developing creative tourism offers

What can people express about their places through the objects that they valorise and link to their territory? Can objects create narratives about a place's identity and collect significant cultural information that locate people in their places? Can such cultural mapping be a useful tool in the design of creative tourist offers? The Project CREATOUR held a series of Idea Laboratories with several entities that provide creative tourism experiences, approaching cultural mapping through objects as a tool for regional actors to discover what is 'so special' about their places, a way to link tourism offers with the community where they take place. These exercise lead participants to remark on the importance and idiosyncrasy of their regions and evidenced the importance of cultural mapping to a more sustainable offer and the overall marketing of destinations. Mapping intangibilities through tangible objects helped to capture what gives meaning to particular places.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia CREATOUR - 16437 COMPETE2020, POR Lisboainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Urban vegetation as a filter for airborne particles: brief studies

Urban vegetation has been widely recognized for its capability to improve air quality. Vegetation absorbs air pollutants through leaf stomata and intercepts airborne particles on their foliar surfaces. To investigate the overall interaction between vegetation and airborne particles, PM10 measurements were carried out in a small Portuguese city (Bragança), under two distinct experimental designs. In the first one, PM10 concentrations were sequentially monitored in six different points, placed on two linear paths intersecting areas with contrasting plant cover and crossed by a low traffic urban road. Real time measurements were conducted throughout the growing season encompassing a total of twelve trials. In the second experimental configuration, diesel exhaust particles were released into the ambient air using an internal combustion engine while real-time measurements of PM10 were taken in different locations in front and behind a 2-meter-high by 1.5-meter-wide Pyracantha hedge. Results from both experiments showed the ability of vegetation in filtering air particles. Although no significant linear relationship was found between PM10 and foliar density, PM10 levels were predominantly lower in the path with higher foliar coverage. A good filtering performance was also found for the Pyracantha hedge when exposed to diesel exhaust particles, especially when the pollution source was positioned closer to the green barrier. Particle reductions up to 95% were measured, indicating that placing dense vegetation near pollution sources (e.g. roads) will certainly be an excellent choice for improving air quality in any urban system

Tips for tips: A methodical approach towards better hint systems

Previous research on video game player assistance has focused on how to best design hints and their potential impacts on player experience; however, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been done on the impact of different hint selection systems on player experience. This dissertation proposes a conceptual framework for designing and comparing hint systems as a core piece of user centered design. This conceptual framework was applied to the development of ”Island”, a first person knowledge-based exploration game, along with two approaches for hint selection: randomly selecting hints or ordering hints by their covertness. Playtests were performed with 20 different participants and a statistical analysis was performed which showed that there is a relationship between the hint selection system and gameplay features such as win rate, which validates our conceptual framework. We believe our findings have the potential to impact the study of player experience adaptation through hint selection, not only for games for fun, but also serious and educational games.Estudos existentes em assistência a jogadores de videojogos focam-se em qual a melhor forma de fazer o design de dicas e qual o seu potencial impacto na experiência dos jogadores. No entanto, tanto quanto temos conhecimento, não existe investigação sobre o impacto de diferentes tipos de sistemas de seleção de dicas na experiência dos jogadores. Esta dissertação propõe uma framework conceptual para o design e comparação de sistemas de dicas como uma peça fundamental do design centrado no utilizador. Esta framework conceptual foi aplicada ao desenvolvimento de ”Island”, um jogo de exploração em primeira pessoa, baseado em conhecimento, juntamente com duas abordagens de seleção de dicas: seleção aleatória ou uma ordenação por nível de quão ocultas estas são. Foram realizados testes com participantes e, posteriormente, análises estatísticas que revelaram existir uma relação entre o sistema de seleção de dicas e parâmetros do jogo, tais como a percentagem de vitórias, que validam a nossa framework conceptual. Estes resultados podem ter um impacto significativo no estudo da adaptação da experiência do jogador através da forma como a seleção de dicas é realizada, não só para jogos para divertimento, mas também para jogos sérios e educativos