Visually Characterizing Source Code Changes

International audienceRevision Control Systems (e.g., SVN, Git, Mercurial) include automatic and advanced merging algorithms that help developers to merge their modifications with development repositories. While these systems can help to textually detect conflicts, they do not help to identify the semantic consequences of a change. Unfortunately, there is little support to help release masters (integrators) to take decisions about the integration of changes into the system release. Most of the time, the release master needs to read all the modified code, check the diffs to build an idea of a change, and dig for details from related unchanged code to understand the context and potential impact of some changes. As a result, such a task can be overwhelming. In this article we present a visualization tool to support integrators of object-oriented programs in comprehending changes. Our approach named Torch characterizes changes based on structural informa- tion, authors and symbolic information. It mixes text-based diff information with visual representation and metrics characterizing the changes. The current implementation of our approach analyses Smalltalk programs, and thus we de- scribe our experiments applying it to Pharo, a large open-source system. We also report on the evaluations of our approach by release masters and developers of several open-source projects

Supporting Streams of Changes during Branch Integration

International audienceWhen developing large applications, integrators face the problem of integrating changes between branches or forks. While version control systems provide support for merging changes, this support is mostly text-based, and does not take the program entities into account. Furthermore, there exists no support for assessing which other changes a particular change depends on have to be integrated. Consequently, integrators are left to perform a manual and tedious comparison of the changes within the sequence of their branch and to successfully integrate them. In this paper, we present an approach that analyzes changes within a sequence of changes (stream of changes): such analysis identifies and characterizes dependencies between the changes. The approach identifies changes as autonomous, only used by others, only using other changes, or both. Such a characterization aims at easing the integrator's work. In addition, the approach supports important queries that an integrator otherwise has to perform manually. We applied the approach to a stream of changes representing 5 years of development work on an open- source project and report our experiences

Meta-models and Infrastructure for Smalltalk Omnipresent History

International audienceSource code management systems record different versions of code. Tool support can then com- pute deltas between versions. However there is little support to be able to perform history-wide queries and analysis: for example building slices of changes and identifying their differences since the beginning of the project. We believe that this is due to the lack of a powerful code meta- model as well as an infrastructure. For example, in Smalltalk often several source code meta- models coexist: the Smalltalk reflective API coexists with the one of the Refactoring engine or distributed versioning system. While having specific meta-models is an engineered solution, it hampers meta-models manipulation as it requires more maintenance efforts (e.g., duplication of tests, transformation between models), and more importantly navigation tool reuse. As a first step to solve this problem, this article presents several source code models that could be used to support several activities and proposes an unified and layered approach to be the foundation for building an infrastructure for omnipresent version browsing

Visually Supporting Source Code Changes Integration: the Torch Dashboard

International audienceAutomatic and advanced merging algorithms help programmers to merge their modifications in main development repositories. However, there is little support to help release masters (integrators) to take decisions about the integration of published merged changes into the system release. Most of the time, the release master has to read all the changed code, check the diffs to build an idea of a change, and read unchanged code to understand the context of some changes. Such a task can be overwhelming. In this paper we present a dashboard to support integrators getting an overview of proposed changes in the context of object-oriented programming. Our approach named Torch characterizes changes based on structural information, authors and symbolic information. It mixes text-based diff information with visual representation and metrics characterizing the changes. We describe our experiment applying it to Pharo, a large open-source system, and report on the evaluation of our approach by release masters of several open-source projects

Ring: a Unifying Meta-Model and Infrastructure for Smalltalk Source Code Analysis Tools

International audienceSource code management systems record different versions of code. Tool support can then compute deltas between versions. To ease version history analysis we need adequate models to represent source code entities. Now naturally the questions of their definition, the abstractions they use, and the APIs of such models are raised, especially in the context of a reflective system which already offers a model of its own structure. We believe that this problem is due to the lack of a powerful code meta-model as well as an infrastructure. In Smalltalk, often several source code meta-models coexist: the Smalltalk reflective API coexists with the one of the Refactoring Engine or distributed versioning system such as Monticello or Store. While having specific meta-models is an adequate engineered solution, it multiplies meta-models and it requires more maintenance efforts (e.g., duplication of tests, transformation between models), and more importantly hinders navigation tool reuse when meta-models do not offer polymorphic APIs. As a first step to provide an infrastructure to support history analysis, this article presents Ring, a unifying source code meta-model that can be used to support several activities and proposes a unified and layered approach to be the foundation for building an infrastructure for version and stream of change analyses. We re-implemented three tools based on Ring to show that it can be used as the underlying meta-model for remote and off-image browsing, scoping refactoring, and visualizing and analyzing changes. As a future work and based on Ring we will build a new generation of history analysis tools

Netrin-1 in Glioblastoma Neovascularization: The New Partner in Crime?

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary tumor of the central nervous system. It is characterized by having an infiltrating growth and by the presence of an excessive and aberrant vasculature. Some of the mechanisms that promote this neovascularization are angiogenesis and the transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial cells or pericytes. In all these processes, the release of extracellular microvesicles by tumor cells plays an important role. Tumor cell-derived extracellular microvesicles contain pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, which promote the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes that reinforce these structures. The present study summarizes and discusses recent data from different investigations suggesting that Netrin-1, a highly versatile protein recently postulated as a non-canonical angiogenic ligand, could participate in the promotion of neovascularization processes in GBM. The relevance of determining the angiogenic signaling pathways associated with the interaction of Netrin-1 with its receptors is posed. Furthermore, we speculate that this molecule could form part of the microvesicles that favor abnormal tumor vasculature. Based on the studies presented, this review proposes Netrin-1 as a novel biomarker for GBM progression and vascularization.This work was supported by: FONDECYT # 1140697 (VP) and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and FEDER funds (RTI2018-093596) (PSG).S

Use of health care during influenza season: seasons 2011/2012 to 2016/2017

A gripe é uma doença respiratória aguda que, apesar de normalmente benigna, pode ter um curso mais severo, com impacto nos ser viços de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar o compor tamento de procura de cuidados de saúde numa amostra da população por tuguesa face a sintomatologia de gripe (SG). Realizou-se um estudo descritivo com base na informação recolhida pelo sistema de vigilância par ticipativa Gripenet, nas épocas de gripe de 2011/2012 a 2016/2017. Entre 2011/2012 e 2016/2017 foram identificados 4196 casos de SG. Do total dos casos, 71,3% (IC95%: 69,9-72,6) referiu não ter recorrido a nenhum ser viço de saúde; 11,4% (IC95%: 10,4-12,4) referiu uma consulta de Medicina Geral e Familiar (MGF) e 6,2% (IC95%: 3,2-6,5) terá recorrido a uma urgência /ser viço hospitalar. O estudo revelou que a maioria das pessoas não recorre a nenhum ser viço de saúde, sendo a consulta de MGF o ser viço mais utilizado numa situação de SG.Influenza is an acute respiratory disease that although usually benign, can have severe form, with impact in health services use. The objective of this study is to characterize the health seeking behaviour on a Portuguese population sample regarding influenza like illness (ILI). We conducted a descriptive study based on data collected through the online collaborative system, Gripenet, in influenza seasons from 2011/12 to 2016/17. From all cases collected in 2011/12-2016/17 (n=4196), 71.3% [95%CI: 69.9-72.6] didn´t consult with any health service; 11.4% [10.4-12.4] reported having had a GP appointment and 6.2% [95%CI: 5.6-7.0] recurred to the ER/hospital. This study shows that the majority of ILIs does not seek any health services and the use of GP services was the most frequent service.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Flipped Classroom and the Development of Competences: A Teaching Innovation Experience in Higher Education

Because of the changes in society, the educational scope must implement teaching-learning methodologies that help students to develop the competences that will be necessary in their academic-professional journey. This study presents a teaching innovation experience that is based on the flipped classroom methodology, which was carried out with 136 students (academic year: 2019-2020) in the subject of "Theory and History of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport" of the degree of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences of the University of Seville. The methodology of the study combines qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixed methods) through a pre-experimental design. The results show that there were significant differences in the acquisition of knowledge after the application of the methodology, which had a significant impact on the students' competence levels. Moreover, the students presented high levels of satisfaction in different areas. This allows for the conclusion that it is important for this methodology to continue in later courses, given its contribution to the competences that are related to the formal aspects and that are linked to research and organisation. Recommendations for practice are presented at the end of this article

New design parameters for biparabolic beach profiles (SW Cadiz, Spain)

165 profiles of seventy-one beaches along the Gulf of Cadiz (SW, Spain) were studied to improve the formulation of the beach profile in tidal seas. Maritime climate, degree of energy exposure and size of the sand grains were taken into account to study the two sections of the biparabolic profile. The objective of the study was the determination of more accurate formulations of the design parameters for the equilibrium profile that involves tidal seas. These formulations were modelled and validated based on existing profiles to quantify the error existing between the real profile and the modelling. This comparative analysis was extended by considering the formulations proposed by other authors. The best results were obtained with the proposal presented herein

A Grey Water Footprint assessment for pesticides applied in soils with grape cultivation in Mendoza (Argentina)

The growing risk of diffuse contamination of surface waters by agrochemicals has increased interest in quantifying environmental impacts on water sources. The indicator used to evaluate these impacts is the Grey Water Footprint (GWF), which measures the amount of water necessary to assimilate a pollutant load produced from anthropic activity. In viticulture, for example, the estimation of the GWF can be employed for assessing the environmental impacts related to the use of pesticides. In the framework of the Institutional Analysis of Water Management in Mendoza project, the GWF for a wide range of pesticides commonly applied in grape cultivation in the Fifth Irrigation Zone of Mendoza River were estimated. To do this, we used information on (1) trade data about phytosanitary products for the period 2018-2021, (2) surface with grape cultivation specifying the conduction system of the vine (“parral” or vineyard), and (3) crop yield. The spatial heterogeneity of the input data was performed at the district scale. For estimation of the GWF, chemical properties of each pesticide (Koc and half-life in days), environmental factors (texture and organic matter content of soil, rain intensity and precipitation) and management practices in grape cultivation were taken into account. The results show that the total annual average of pesticides load entering a water body from soils with grape cultivation (14,496 ha) during the 2018-2021period was 0.37 t year -1. The pesticide load was higher in crops with a conduction system of the vine through “parral” with 56.24% of the total pesticide load. The most critical chemical substance in the range of pesticides commonly applied to soils with grape cultivation was Fluroxypyr-meptyl, requiring 196 million m3 year -1 of water to assimilate the pollutant load entering a water body. In general, diluting pesticide laden in a water body requires relatively more water when conduction system of the vine is through “parral” compared to conduction system through vineyards. At the district level, the findings report a large diversity of GWF among different phytosanitary products, indicating the importance of considering all of them when seeking to protect surface waters and ground water based on a GWF assessment. These results may be of particular use for stakeholders interested in making the viticulture more sustainable.Fil: Farreras González, Verónica Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lana, Nerina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Gomez, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; ArgentinaVIII Congreso Argentino de la Sociedad de Toxicología y Química AmbientalMar del PlataArgentinaSociedad de Toxicología y Química Ambienta