490 research outputs found
Stability Studies of a Mixture of Paracetamol and Ascorbic Acid, Prepared Extempore, at Elevated Temperature and Humidity Conditions
Purpose: To determine the effect of the temperature of water used for the preparation of paracetamol and ascorbic acid mixture on its stability, as well as to assess the influence of humidity on the stability of single components and their mixtures.Methods: The stability of the mixtures in aqueous medium was evaluated with the aid of UV–Vis spectrophotometer interfaced with a computer. Spectral analysis was adapted to monitor changes in the aqueous medium of a commercial paracetamol and ascorbic acid mixture, an extemporaneously prepared mixture of paracetamol and ascorbic acid, and the individual preparations of paracetamol and ascorbic acid.Results: The degradation rate was lower in commercial preparation (6.80 × 10-3 min-1), compared to that of the extemporaneously prepared ascorbic acid/paracetamol mixture (2.30 × 10-2 min-1). The decomposition of the commercial product in aqueous medium was 3.38 times slower than that of the extemporaneously prepared mixture. Ascorbic acid, tested under the same conditions as the commercial product, was unstable in aqueous solutions, with a degradation rate of 1.17×10-2 min-1. Ascorbic acid, dissolved in water, degraded completely within 4 h at room temperature, whereas paracetamol remained stable under the same conditions for 11 days.Conclusion: The individual drugs in their original form retained their stability for 72 h, but some of the mixtures, in particular, the extemporaneously prepared ones showed more rapid degradation. Extemporaneous preparation of paracetamol/ascorbic acid liquid mixtures should not be encouraged
Laws and Conventions in Language-Related Behaviors
The goal of this article is to look at language-related behaviors in light of a strict definition of direct perception. I highlight a key dimension, conventionality, which discriminates between behaviors that are coordinated with respect to law-based information and those that are not (and, therefore, do not qualify as direct perception according to the definition used in this article). The difference between conventional and law-based information does not break down clearly along obvious lines such as natural versus human-made, social versus nonsocial, or linguistic versus nonlinguistic. Therefore, it is necessary to take a task-specific approach to deciding whether a behavior is organized with respect to conventional or law-based information. A tacit assumption in ecological psychology seems to be that anything that has an effect on behavior must be grounded in the perception of an affordance and, therefore, must be guided by law-based information. In this article, I question this assumption. I suggest, instead, that ecological information can be based on both laws and conventions. This move allows us to maintain rigorous definitions of affordances and direct perception, suitable for underpinning action-control, while still expanding the ecological study of behaviors into those that rely on conventional information
Matching NLO parton shower matrix element with exact phase space: case of W -> l nu (gamma) and gamma^* -> pi^+pi^-(gamma)
The PHOTOS Monte Carlo is often used for simulation of QED effects in decay
of intermediate particles and resonances. Momenta are generated in such a way
that samples of events cover the whole bremsstrahlung phase space. With the
help of selection cuts, experimental acceptance can be then taken into account.
The program is based on an exact multiphoton phase space. Crude matrix element
is obtained by iteration of a universal multidimensional kernel. It ensures
exact distribution in the soft photon region. Algorithm is compatible with
exclusive exponentiation. To evaluate the program's precision, it is necessary
to control the kernel with the help of perturbative results. If available,
kernel is constructed from the exact first order matrix element. This ensures
that all terms necessary for non-leading logarithms are taken into account. In
the present paper we will focus on the W -> l nu and gamma^* -> pi^+ pi^-
decays. The Born level cross sections for both processes approach zero in some
points of the phase space. A process dependent compensating weight is
constructed to incorporate the exact matrix element, but is recommended for use
in tests only. In the hard photon region, where scalar QED is not expected to
be reliable, the compensating weight for gamma^* decay can be large. With
respect to the total rate, the effect remains at the permille level. It is
nonetheless of interest. The terms leading to the effect are analogous to some
terms appearing in QCD. The present paper can be understood either as a
contribution to discussion on how to match two collinear emission chains
resulting from charged sources in a way compatible with the exact and complete
phase space, exclusive exponentiation and the first order matrix element of QED
(scalar QED), or as the practical study of predictions for accelerator
experiments.Comment: 24 page
The course of the cystic artery during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Proper recognition of the particular structures that form the triangle of Calot is
essential for the proper and safe performance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Proper recognition, ligation, and cut of the cystic duct and cystic artery
with branches (dorsal and ventral) remain an integral condition for the removal
of the gallbladder. Calot’s triangle, as an orientation structure, determines the
most common location of the cystic artery. The triangle of Calot is one of the
most variable regions of the abdomen in terms of anatomy. The aim of this
study was to evaluate how important for surgery is the detailed anatomical
recognition of the main branches of the cystic artery in Calot’s triangle during
laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Relations of the main branches of the cystic artery were evaluated in 88 patients
that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Department of General
Surgery of the District Specialistic Hospital of Lublin. The anatomical relations
of cystic duct and artery were classified into typical and variant types.
Significantly more frequently variants of cystic artery were observed in women.
However, the time of the procedure was not significantly related with the type
of cystic artery
SANC integrator in the progress: QCD and EW contributions
Modules and packages for the one-loop calculations at partonic level
represent the first level of SANC output computer product. The next level
represents Monte Carlo integrator mcsanc, realizing fully differential hadron
level calculations (convolution with PDF) for the HEP processes at LHC. In this
paper we describe the implementation into the framework mcsanc first set of
processes: DY NC, DY CC, ff->HW(Z) and single top production. Both EW and QCD
NLO corrections are taken into account. A comparison of SANC results with those
existing in the world literature is given
Most significant geosites of the Cieszyn Foothills, Outer flysch Carpathians, Poland and Czech Republic
The article provides a review of the most important geotouristic attractions within the Cieszyn Foothills, Outer Flysch Carpathians in Poland and adjacent part of the Czech Republic. The best geosites, which can be visited during a short 1-2 day visit in the Polish Carpathians were selected. The present paper contains the description of the classic localities exposing the oldest deposits and igneous rocks of the Silesian Unit. The geotouristic objects are important because the represent scenic sites as well as geosites with educational values supplying limitless information about the geological history, as well as the history of earth sciences research
Scoping review of cytolytic vaginosis literature
Background: Cytolytic vaginosis (CV) is a little-known, controversial condition that is typically not considered for women presenting with vulvovaginitis symptoms. Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to identify and compile the global evidence on CV.
Methods: A medical librarian searched Prospero, Wiley Cochrane Library, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, EBSCO CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Scopus, from inception to April 4, 2019 and updated to October 17, 2021. Studies were eligible if they discussed CV. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection and data extraction.
Results: Sixty-four studies were identified, with 67% of studies (n = 43) published since 2007. Studies were from around the world, including the United States (28%, n = 18), Brazil (11%, n = 7), Portugal (11%, n = 7), and China (11%, n = 7). Fifty percent of studies (n = 32) were reviews; the remainder were observational; and of these, 78% (n = 25) were cross-sectional. The most frequent topics included: diagnosis (19%, n = 12), prevalence (17%, n = 11), and overview of CV (50%, n = 32). Evidence for prevalence in symptomatic women (median prevalence of 5%, interquartile range 3%-8%) was based only on 16% of studies (n = 10) with minimal evidence on prevalence in asymptomatic women and across different geographic regions. Microbiological findings, including abundant lactobacilli and fragmented epithelial cells, were found useful to distinguish between CV and vulvovaginal candidiasis, and Lactobacillus crispatus was noted to dominate the vaginal flora in women with CV. Most studies used subjective criteria to diagnose CV as the condition lacks gold-standard microscopic criteria. The suggested primary treatment (baking soda irrigations) was largely based on expert opinion, and there was minimal evidence on associations between CV and other conditions.
Conclusion: Knowledge gaps currently exist in all realms of CV research. Additional research is needed to confirm the validity of CV and ensure that women are diagnosed and treated effectively.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Ecological mechanisms in cognitive science
© The Author(s) 2019. In 2010, Bechtel and Abrahamsen defined and described what it means to be a dynamic causal mechanistic explanatory model. They discussed the development of a mechanistic explanation of circadian rhythms as an exemplar of the process and challenged cognitive science to follow this example. This article takes on that challenge. A mechanistic model is one that accurately represents the real parts and operations of the mechanism being studied. These real components must be identified by an empirical programme that decomposes the system at the correct scale and localises the components in space and time. Psychological behaviour emerges from the nature of our real-time interaction with our environments—here we show that the correct scale to guide decomposition is picked out by the ecological perceptual information that enables that interaction. As proof of concept, we show that a simple model of coordinated rhythmic movement, grounded in information, is a genuine dynamical mechanistic explanation of many key coordination phenomena
Implementation of electroweak corrections in the POWHEG BOX: single W production
We present a fully consistent implementation of electroweak and strong
radiative corrections to single W hadroproduction in the POWHEG BOX framework,
treating soft and collinear photon emissions on the same ground as coloured
parton emissions. This framework can be easily extended to more complex
electroweak processes. We describe how next-to-leading order (NLO) electroweak
corrections are combined with the NLO QCD calculation, and show how they are
interfaced to QCD and QED shower Monte Carlo. The resulting tool fills a gap in
the literature and allows to study comprehensively the interplay of QCD and
electroweak effects to W production using a single computational framework.
Numerical comparisons with the predictions of the electroweak generator HORACE,
as well as with existing results on the combination of electroweak and QCD
corrections to W production, are shown for the LHC energies, to validate the
reliability and accuracy of the approachComment: 31 pages, 7 figures. Minor corrections, references added and updated.
Final version to appear in JHE
The Carnian Humid Episode of the late Triassic: a review
From 1989 to 1994 a series of papers outlined evidence for a brief episode of climate change from arid to humid, and then back to arid, during the Carnian Stage of the late Triassic Epoch. This time of climate change was compared to marine and terrestrial biotic changes, mainly extinction and then radiation of flora and fauna. Subsequently termed, albeit incorrectly, the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) by successive authors, interest in this episode of climatic change has increased steadily, with new evidence being published as well as several challenges to the theory. The exact nature of this humid episode, whether reflecting widespread precipitation or more local effects, as well as its ultimate cause, remains equivocal. Bed-by-bed sampling of the Carnian in the Southern Alps (Dolomites) shows the episode began with a negative carbon isotope excursion that lasted for only part of one ammonoid zone (A. austriacum). However, that the Carnian Humid Episode represents a significantly longer period, both environmentally and biotically, is irrefutable. The evidence is strongest in the European, Middle Eastern, Himalayan, North American and Japanese successions, but not always so clear in South America, Antarctica and Australia. The eruption of the Wrangellia Large Igneous Province and global warming (causing increased evaporation in the Tethyan and Panthalassic oceans) are suggested as causes for the humid episode
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