Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Abstaenden zwischen einkristallinen Prueflingen und flaechenhaften Detektionseinrichtungen fuer Roentgenstrahlung

The method involves irradiating the surface of the test object perpendicularly with a primary X-ray beam. The secondary X-rays diffracted by the object are detected by the detection device. The distance between the primary and secondary beams in the plane of the detection device is determined for secondary X-ray beams diffracted at different families of crystal structure main planes. After this the angle between the primary and secondary X-rays is determined for the different secondary X-ray beams and used to derive the distance between the test object and detection device. ADVANTAGE - Enables diffraction angles to be determined with accuracy required for detecting intrinsic voltage states and grid parameter changes

Fraunhofer-Einrichtung fuer Zuverlaessigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM), Leistungen und Ergebnisse. Jahresbericht 1994

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: ZL 1906(1994) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

X-ray stress measurement of samples combined with diffraction line analysis

With 14 refs., 7 figs.SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: D.Dt.F.QN1(3,40) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

X-ray residual stress measurements of cylindrical samples with different surface roughness

With 4 refs., 4 tabs., 8 figs.SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: D.Dt.F.QN1(3,41) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Loss of Insulin Signaling in Vascular Endothelial Cells Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Null Mice

To determine whether insulin action on endothelial cells promotes or protects against atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E null mice in which the insulin receptor gene was intact or conditionally deleted in vascular endothelial cells. Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and blood pressure were not different between the two groups, but atherosclerotic lesion size was more than 2-fold higher in mice lacking endothelial insulin signaling. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was impaired and endothelial cell VCAM-1 expression was increased in these animals. Adhesion of mononuclear cells to endothelium in vivo was increased 4-fold compared with controls but reduced to below control values by a VCAM-1-blocking antibody. These results provide definitive evidence that loss of insulin signaling in endothelium, in the absence of competing systemic risk factors, accelerates atherosclerosis. Therefore, improving insulin sensitivity in the endothelium of patients with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes may prevent cardiovascular complications.Stem Cell and Regenerative Biolog

Lipid Nature and Their Influence on Opening of Redox-Active Liposomes

The pathway for contents release from reduction-sensitive liposomes based on a quinone-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine lipid conjugate (Q-DOPE) was outlined using results from fluorescent dye contents release assays, as well as single- and multiple-angle light scattering. Experimental observations are consistent with a shape/size change of the reduced liposomes prior to their aggregation, with subsequent near-quantitative contents release achieved only when the lipid membrane experiences conditions favorable to a lamellar to an inverted hexagonal phase transition. Addition of poly(ethyleneglycol)-modified DOPE (PEG-DOPE) to the Q-DOPE liposomal formulation results in stabilization of the lipid bilayer, whereas incorporation of DOPE yields faster contents release. At high DOPE concentrations, DOPE/PEG-DOPE/Q-DOPE liposomes exhibit larger contents release, indicating a change in pathway for contents release. The outcomes here provide a better understanding of the underlying principles of triggered liposomal contents release and the potential utility of specific lipid properties for the rational design of drug delivery systems based on the novel Q-DOPE lipid