Semiclassical Quantum Computation Solutions to the Count to Infinity Problem: A Brief Discussion

In this paper we briefly define distance vector routing algorithms, their advantages and possible drawbacks. On these possible drawbacks, currently widely used methods split horizon and poisoned reverse are defined and compared. The count to infinity problem is specified and it is classified to be a halting problem and a proposition stating that entangled states used in quantum computation can be used to handle this problem is examined. Several solutions to this problem by using entangled states are proposed and a very brief introduction to entangled states is presented.Comment: 5 pages, revtex, draft version, a quick and brief discussion, comments and criticisms are welcome; writing errors correcte

Diagnostic utility of PAX8 and PAX2 immunohistochemistry in the identification of metastatic Müllerian carcinoma in effusions

Morphologic distinction of Müllerian carcinomas from non‐Müllerian carcinomas in effusion specimens by cytomorphology alone can be diagnostically challenging. Therefore, immunohistochemical adjuncts can be useful in differentiating Müllerian from non‐Müllerian metastases. In this study, we evaluated the expression of PAX8 and PAX2 in malignant effusions collected from patients with known Müllerian and non‐Müllerian carcinomas. Sections from cell blocks prepared from 152 effusion specimens (54 and 98 cases representing metastases from Müllerian and non‐Müllerian primaries, respectively) were immunostained with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against PAX8 and PAX2. Immunopositivity was defined as the presence of strong nuclear staining in at least 25% of the tumor cells. Fifty‐two (96%) and 13 (24%) of the 54 Müllerian carcinomas were positive for PAX8 and PAX2, respectively. PAX8 positivity was seen in only four (4%) of 98 non‐Müllerian carcinomas; these represented metastasis from a large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. PAX2 positivity was not seen in any of the non‐Müllerian carcinomas. The results demonstrate that both PAX8 and PAX2 are highly specific markers for metastatic Müllerian carcinomas in cell block preparations from effusion specimens (96% and 100%, respectively). PAX8, however, is more sensitive than PAX2 in identifying Müllerian carcinomas in fluids (96% versus 24%). Overall, immunohistochemistry for PAX8 and PAX2 represent diagnostically useful adjuncts in identifying a Müllerian carcinoma as a source of a malignant effusion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87028/1/21442_ftp.pd

A polyclonal allelic expression assay for detecting regulatory effects of transcript variants

We present an assay to experimentally test the regulatory effects of genetic variants within transcripts using CRISPR/Cas9 followed by targeted sequencing. We applied the assay to 32 premature stop-gained variants across the genome and in two Mendelian disease genes, 33 putative causal variants of eQTLs, and 62 control variants in HEK293T cells, replicating a subset of variants in HeLa cells. We detected significant effects in the expected direction (in 60% of variants), demonstrating the ability of the assay to capture regulatory effects of eQTL variants and nonsense-mediated decay triggered by premature stop-gained variants. The results suggest a utility for validating transcript-level effects of genetic variants

Comparison of PAX-2, RCC antigen, and antiphosphorylated H2AX antibody (Γ-H2AX) in diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma by fine-needle aspiration

Diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be challenging. Existing antibodies supporting a diagnosis of RCC, including CD10 and RCC-Ma, have problems with specificity and interpretation. In this report, we evaluate the use of two newer immunostains, PAX-2 and Γ-H2AX, which to our knowledge have not been studied in FNA material, in the diagnosis of metastatic RCC and in comparison with RCC-Ma. 29 cases of metastatic RCC were identified as well as a TMA of an additional 30 RCC cases. In the case cohort, RCC-Ma in a membranous pattern of staining identified 15/27 (56%) metastatic RCC, although interpretation was made difficult in many cases due to focality of staining and non-specific cytoplasmic staining. PAX-2 stained 23/29 (79%) of tumors in a nuclear stain, most strongly. Gamma-H2AX stained 19/26 (73%) of metastatic RCC strongly in a nuclear stain. In the TMA, strong, diffuse nuclear staining with Γ-H2AX was present in 22/30 RCC (73%). If weak staining was also included as positive, 26/30 (87%) were positive. PAX-2 stained RCC TMA with a lower percentage at 56%, including weaker staining intensity. Both PAX-2 and Γ-H2AX demonstrated patchy staining of normal renal tubules, PAX-2 to a greater extent. Both PAX-2 and Γ-H2AX are sensitive markers for the diagnosis of metastatic RCC, with improved ease of interpretation when compared with RCC-Ma. A combination of all 3 markers identified 87% of cases, and failure to stain for both PAX-2 and Γ-H2AX suggests against, but does not disprove, a diagnosis of RCC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 568–573. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60448/1/20839_ftp.pd

Scattering analysis of 2DEG carrier extracted by QMSA in undoped Al 0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures

Hall effect measurements on undoped Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures grown by a metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) technique have been carried out as a function of temperature (20-350 K) and magnetic field (0-1.5 T). Magnetic field dependent Hall data were analysed using the quantitative mobility spectrum analysis (QMSA) technique. The mobility and density within the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the Al 0.25Ga0.75N/GaN interface and within the underlying GaN layer were successfully separated by QMSA. Mobility analysis has been carried out using both the measured Hall data at a single field and the extracted data from QMSA. Analysis of the temperature-dependent mobility of 2DEG extracted from QMSA indicates that the interface roughness and alloy disorder scattering mechanisms are the dominant scattering mechanisms at low temperatures while at high temperatures only polar optical phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism. Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN interface related parameters such as well width, deformation potential constant and correlation length were also accurately obtained from the fits of the simple analytical expressions of scattering mechanisms to the 2DEG mobility. © 2007 IOP Publishing Ltd

Vaccination with HPV-18 E7-pulsed dendritic cells in a patient with metastatic cervical cancer [7]

To the Editor: The anagement of disseminated carcinoma of the cervix that is no longer amenable to control with surgery or radiation therapy has not improved significantly with the advent of modern chemotherapy. The one-year survival rate remains between 10 percent and 15 percent. Studies have provided a rationale for using dendritic cells as natural adjuvants for human immunotherapy