Xanthogranulomatous Orchitis Mimicking a Testicular Malignancy: A Rare Case with Brief Review of Literature

Xanthogranulomatous orchitis (XGO) is a rare, distinct type of chronic inflammation causing destruction of the tissue by infiltrate of lipid laden macrophages. It is commonly seen in the gall bladder, kidney and is rarely reported in the testis. Authors hereby, report report a case of a 32-year-old man who presented with a swelling in the right testis since 3 weeks. On clinical examination, ultrasound findings, a provisional diagnosis of testicular neoplasm was made. Simple right orchidectomy was performed and on histopathological examination the testis was found to be replaced with large lipid laden macrophages (Xanthoma cells) along with lymphocytes, foci of necrosis and hemorrhage, a diagnosis of XGO was rendered. The preoperative diagnosis of XGO is very challenging as the condition often mimics a testicular neoplasm, thus the final diagnosis relies on the histopathological examination. Extensive sampling of the tissue should be done to rule out any concurrent testicular neoplasm

Enrichment and mutation detection of circulating tumor cells from blood samples.

The potential of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients has become increasingly attractive. However, molecular analysis of CTCs is hindered by low sensitivity and a high level of background leukocytes in CTC enrichment technologies. We have developed a novel protocol using a microfluidic device, which enriches and retrieves CTCs from blood samples. The principle of CTC capturing is that tumor cells are larger and less deformable than normal blood cells. To evaluate the potential of utilizing Celsee PREP100 in CTC molecular analysis, we prepared prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and LNCaP, retrieved the captured cells and analyzed them using PCR amplicon sequencing. We were able to recover an average of 79% of 110‑1,100 PC3 and 60‑1,500 LNCaP cells, and detect the p.K139fs*3 deletion of the p53 gene in PC3 cells and p.T877A mutation of the androgen receptor gene in LNCaP cells. Next, we spiked these two types of cells into normal donor blood samples, captured the cells and analyzed them using PCR amplicon sequencing. The PC3 and LNCaP cells were captured and retrieved with the ratio of captured CTCs to the background leukocytes reaching 1:1.5 for PC3 and 1:2.9 for LNCaP cells. We further revealed that the p.K139fs*3 deletion and p.T877A mutation can be detected in the captured PC3 and LNCaP cells, respectively. We successfully validated this approach using clinical blood samples from patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Our results demonstrated a novel approach for CTC enrichment and illustrated the potential of CTC molecular characterization for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment selection of patients with metastatic malignancy

Enrichment and mutation detection of circulating tumor cells from blood samples

The potential of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients has become increasingly attractive. However, molecular analysis of CTCs is hindered by low sensitivity and a high level of background leukocytes in CTC enrichment technologies. We have developed a novel protocol using a microfluidic device, which enriches and retrieves CTCs from blood samples. The principle of CTC capturing is that tumor cells are larger and less deformable than normal blood cells. To evaluate the potential of utilizing Celsee PREP100 in CTC molecular analysis, we prepared prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and LNCaP, retrieved the captured cells and analyzed them using PCR amplicon sequencing. We were able to recover an average of 79% of 110‑1,100 PC3 and 60‑1,500 LNCaP cells, and detect the p.K139fs*3 deletion of the p53 gene in PC3 cells and p.T877A mutation of the androgen receptor gene in LNCaP cells. Next, we spiked these two types of cells into normal donor blood samples, captured the cells and analyzed them using PCR amplicon sequencing. The PC3 and LNCaP cells were captured and retrieved with the ratio of captured CTCs to the background leukocytes reaching 1:1.5 for PC3 and 1:2.9 for LNCaP cells. We further revealed that the p.K139fs*3 deletion and p.T877A mutation can be detected in the captured PC3 and LNCaP cells, respectively. We successfully validated this approach using clinical blood samples from patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Our results demonstrated a novel approach for CTC enrichment and illustrated the potential of CTC molecular characterization for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment selection of patients with metastatic malignancy

Highly efficient and recyclable quaternary Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4 composite fabrication for efficient solar-driven photocatalytic performance for anionic pollutant in an aqueous medium and mechanism insights

A simple chemical precipitation route to synthesize the quaternary composite under mild conditions is reported. The quaternary composite photocatalyst Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4-1 band gap was tuned to 0.56 eV by varying the amount of C3N4 for efficient photocatalytic performance. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM, EDAX, BET, EIS, and UV-Vis DRS spectroscopy. The degradation of reactive red (RR 120) under visible-light illumination were evaluated. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Ag nanoparticles enhances the absorption and utilization of visible light. The Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4 composite exhibited 92.6% degradation efficiency with the removal rate 0.042 min-1 which is 5.2, 2.7 and 2.5 times greater compared to pristine Ag/Ag3PO4, BiOBr and C3N4 particles. The active species holes (h+), superoxide (center dot O2-) and hydroxyl (center dot OH) radicals were responsible for the degradation process. The 4 times of cycle experiments proved the relatively high stability of the synthesized photocatalyst. The quaternary Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4 heterojunction can endorse enhanced redox capability. The faster interfacial transport was validated, for quaternary photocatalysts using the EIS Nyquist plot. The work has driven a significant guidance in designing photocatalysts with surface plasmon effect

A novel microfluidic system for the detection, enumeration and molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC)

Current analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is hindered by sub-optimal sensitivity and specificity of devices or assays as well as lack of capability of characterization of CTCs with clinical biomarkers. Here, we validate a novel technology to enrich and characterize CTCs from blood samples of patients with metastatic breast, prostate and colorectal cancers using a microfluidic chip which is processed by using an automated staining and scanning system from sample preparation to image processing. The Celsee system allowed for the detection of CTCs with apparent high sensitivity and specificity (94% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Moreover, the system facilitated rapid capture of CTCs from blood samples and also allowed for downstream characterization of the captured cells by immunohistochemistry, DNA and mRNA fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). In a subset of patients with prostate cancer we compared the technology with a FDA-approved CTC device, CellSearch and found a higher degree of sensitivity with the Celsee instrument. In conclusion, the integrated Celsee system represents a promising CTC technology for enumeration and molecular characterization

Development of an Automated and Sensitive Microfluidic Device for Capturing and Characterizing Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) from Clinical Blood Samples

Current analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is hindered by sub-optimal sensitivity and specificity of devices or assays as well as lack of capability of characterization of CTCs with clinical biomarkers. Here, we validate a novel technology to enrich and characterize CTCs from blood samples of patients with metastatic breast, prostate and colorectal cancers using a microfluidic chip which is processed by using an automated staining and scanning system from sample preparation to image processing. The Celsee system allowed for the detection of CTCs with apparent high sensitivity and specificity (94% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Moreover, the system facilitated rapid capture of CTCs from blood samples and also allowed for downstream characterization of the captured cells by immunohistochemistry, DNA and mRNA fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). In a subset of patients with prostate cancer we compared the technology with a FDA-approved CTC device, CellSearch and found a higher degree of sensitivity with the Celsee instrument. In conclusion, the integrated Celsee system represents a promising CTC technology for enumeration and molecular characterization

Development of an Automated and Sensitive Microfluidic Device for Capturing and Characterizing Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) from Clinical Blood Samples

Current analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is hindered by sub-optimal sensitivity and specificity of devices or assays as well as lack of capability of characterization of CTCs with clinical biomarkers. Here, we validate a novel technology to enrich and characterize CTCs from blood samples of patients with metastatic breast, prostate and colorectal cancers using a microfluidic chip which is processed by using an automated staining and scanning system from sample preparation to image processing. The Celsee system allowed for the detection of CTCs with apparent high sensitivity and specificity (94% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Moreover, the system facilitated rapid capture of CTCs from blood samples and also allowed for downstream characterization of the captured cells by immunohistochemistry, DNA and mRNA fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). In a subset of patients with prostate cancer we compared the technology with a FDA-approved CTC device, CellSearch and found a higher degree of sensitivity with the Celsee instrument. In conclusion, the integrated Celsee system represents a promising CTC technology for enumeration and molecular characterization