DESIGN OF A FOUR STAGES VCO USING A NOVEL DELAY CIRCUIT FOR OPERATION IN DISTRIBUTED BAND FREQUENCIES

The manuscript proposes a novel architecture of a delay cell that is implemented in 4-stage VCO which has the ability to operate in two distributed frequency bands. The operating frequency is chosen based on the principle of carrier mobility and the transistor resistance. The VCO uses dual delay input techniques to improve the frequency of operation. The design is implemented in Cadence 90nm GPDK CMOS technology and simulated results show that it is capable of operating in dual frequency bands of 55 MHz to 606 MHz and 857 MHz to 1049 MHz. At normal temperature (270) power consumption of the circuit is found to be 151μW at 606 MHz and 157μW at 1049 MHz respectively and consumes an area of 171.42µm2. The design shows good tradeoff between the parameters-operating frequency, phase noise and power consumption

Expression analysis of maize genes during Bipolaris maydis infection and assessing their role in disease resistance and symptom development

82-93Bipolaris maydis causing maydis leaf blight (MLB) is an aggressive fungal pathogen of maize. The present study focused on the responses of certain defence genes in the resistant and susceptible maize inbred lines viz., SC-7 and CM 119, respectively, against MLB and symptom development in the host. Biochemical activity of the PR protein β-1, 3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) assay, with total chlorophyll content was recorded for both the inbred lines before and after pathogen inoculation. Gene expression was studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at different time intervals post inoculation. Differential expression pattern was observed even at the same time point in both the inbred lines. Enhanced expression of the pathogenesis related (PR) protein and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme at different time points in resistant lines indicated their association with infection stages of B. maydis and response of the resistant line against disease establishment. Down regulated gene expression of pheophytinase suggests reduced enzyme activity linked with less chlorophyll degradation in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line. This fact directly correlates with symptom development of MLB disease. The present study thus revealed that the expression of defence related genes is aligned with developmental stages of the pathogen to restrict its growth and gene expression of constitutive genes also changes differentially during the disease development in resistant and susceptible lines

Quantification and visualization of the variability of phytoplankton assemblage in a semi-lotic seasonal Canal in Sundarbans, India

Canals of Sundarbans in India are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures which directly or indirectly impact the biological components of such ecosystems. Being at the base of the trophic pyramid, phytoplankton is exposed to environmental stressors and the impact will be reflected in the upper strata of the aquatic food chain. Hence, phytoplankton communities along with their interrelationship with environmental parameters were assessed in Bhetkimari canal, a semi-lotic system in Indian Sundarbans during June 2017 to September 2018. Seventy-seven species under 66 genera were recorded with Cyanophyceae (34%) as a major contributor, followed by Bacillariophyceae (31%) and Chlorophyceae (22%). Diatoms dominated round the year in terms of diversity (25 species) with maximum contribution from Pennales. ANOVA (post-hoc test) showed significant temporal heterogeneity (p≤0.05) in phytoplankton distribution in the canal. The Margalef richness index (d) and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H′) were 2.59±0.43 and 2.26±0.59, respectively indicating that the environment is good and phytoplankton diversity in the system is moderate. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and nutrients (nitrate, silicate and phosphate) were the explanatory variables in shaping the phytoplankton assemblages in the canal, which was evident from Canonical correspondence analysis. The salient findings of this study can add to the existing knowledge on the abundance and d

Knowledge Mapping, Intellectual Capital and Organizational Intelligence

Knowledge management initiatives rely on maps to locate internal knowledge, similar to how an explorer in the wilderness follows a map. Knowledge maps, like travel maps, are static. A knowledge map is a “snapshot in time” that helps businesses understand and organize knowledge assets. It\u27s anything but an express model inside a business cycle of who has the information, where the information is found, and why it is significant. Perhaps the most well known strategies for recognizing information in associations is information planning. It can help chiefs to all the more likely comprehend the information stream inside the associations. Planning association’s information, particularly in research organizations, has drawn in much consideration from senior administration lately. Utilizing information planning procedures; a huge and complex arrangement of information assets can be procured and explored all the more without any problem. Information planning has stood out for the ranking directors as an evaluation instrument lately and is required to gauge profound reasonable arrangement and permit specialists in associations to describe connections between ideas inside an area outwardly. Here the extremely basic issue is the manner by which to recognize and pick a fitting information planning procedure

Endophytes: exploitation as a tool in plant protection

Endophytes are symptomless fungal or bacterial microorganisms found in almost all living plant species reported so far. They are the plant-associated microbes that form symbiotic association with their host plants by colonizing the internal tissues, which has made them valuable for agriculture as a tool in improving crop performance. Many fungal endophytes produce secondary metabolites such as auxin, gibberellin etc that helps in growth and development of the host plant. Some of these compounds are antibiotics having antifungal, antibacterial and insecticidal properties, which strongly inhibit the growth of other microorganisms, including plant pathogens. This article reviews the endophyte isolated from different plants, mode of endophytic infection and benefits derived by the host plant as a result of endophytism

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Not AvailableThe Sagar Island, situated at the mouth of Hoogly River and known as Ganga Sagar, is a part of Indian Sundarbans and rich in rivulets, creeks and mangrove swamps. The low-lying Sagar Island is cyclone prone but inhibited by many settlements flanking the coastline. Tribal population particularly, Santhal and Munda clans are settled in some pockets of Sagar Island. Poverty, illiteracy and financial exclusion made the tribal community vulnerable to economic shock. An attempt was made to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor through improved fish culture practices in derelict water bodies in Khan Saheber Abad village of Sagar Islands. Fish seed, feed, fertilizers, nets etc. were distributed to fifteen numbers of households to encourage them for fish culture in the derelict waters in the village. After a culture period of eleven months, a total of 1,057 kg fish was harvested from an area of 1.017 ha of derelict water bodies. Fish species named Scatophagus argus, Liza parsia, Liza tade, Rhinomugil corsula, Mystus gulio were cultured in brackish water while, fresh waters were stocked by Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhimus mrigala, Labeo bata, Puntius sarana and small indigenous fish viz., Amblypharyngodon mola, Puntius ticto and Salmostomo bacaila for continuous availability of fishes for nutritional security of the poor villagers. Cost benefit ratio1.39 was achieved which show that utilization of derelict waters could be an alternative livelihood for the rural tribal’s of Sagar Island.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe software code presented is the computational code for estimating relative risk of species loss induced by barge movement. The theoretical development can be found in Naskar et al. (2021), which is a Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Model. Computational algorithm used ‘JAGS’ (Plummer, 2003), which implements BUGS, for fitting the model via R (R Core Team, 2019) using ‘R2jags’(Su and Yajima, 2012)—which is an R package that allows fitting JAGS models from within R. The codes for model-fitting are provided in (‘R_code S1’ and ‘BUG_code S2’).Not Availabl

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles Using Different Plant Sources

This research aimed at exploring eco-friendly green synthesis of CuNPs using different plant species used for research purpose were Nyctanthes arbor-tristris (Night jasmine), Gardenia jasminoides (Cape jasmine), Tabernaemontana divartica (Crape jasmine), Cascabela thevetia (Yellow oleander), Clerodendrum inerme (Glory bower), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (China rose) and Allamanda cathartica (Allamanda) for synthesizing CuNPs. Out of seven ornamental plant species CuNPs were synthesized from three species viz. Night jasmine, Yellow oleander, Allamanda which were confirmed through UV-VIS spectrophotometer in wavelength 250-450 nm. The SPR peak was recorded at 301.00 nm, 300.50 nm and 300.00 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine respectively that confirmed the formation of CuNPs. FTIR analysis of CuNPs showed different functional groups such as O−H, N−H, S−H, O=C=O, C≡C, C=O, N−O, C−H, M−O for Allamanda, O−H, N≡N, N−H, C−Cl for Yellow oleander and O−H, C−N, −C≡C−, =C−H, N−O for Night jasmine. DLS study revealed the average size of CuNPs as 125 nm, 120 nm and 100 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine respectively. Zeta potential recorded for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night jasmine were -13.7 mV, -10.03 mV and -12.6 mV respectively. TEM micrograph clearly indicated that all the green synthesized CuNPs were spherical in morphology and the average size were 14.05 nm, 16.96 nm and 11.58 nm for Allamanda, Yellow oleander and Night Jasmine respectively