27 research outputs found

    Evaluation of the development of the small and medium - size trading companies and the opportunities

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    Musdienu ekonomiskajos apstaklos tirgus dalibnieki lielu uzmanibu pievers katra uznemuma saimnieciskas darbibas rezultatiem. Lai nodrosinatu uznemuma izdzivosanu un sekmigu funkcionesanu, uznemuma vadibai ir japrot reali novertet gan pasu uznemuma, gan konkurejoso firmu finansialos stavoklus. Magistra darba tiek petita uznemuma areja un iekseja vide, izmantojot uznemuma "Solo" un ta konkurentu finansu analizi. Magistra darba merkis ir, balstoties uz ekonomisko literaturu, pastavoso likumu un uznemuma datu analizes pamata, izstradat priekslikumus uznemuma veiksmigai saimnieciskai darbibai un attistibai. Darba saturs izstradats, pamatojoties uz statistikas datiem, LR likumiem, literaturu par attiecigo temu, internetu un, galvenokart, uz uznemuma "Solo" un ta konkurentu finansu parskatiem. Darba kopapjoms ir 93 lpp. Darba satura ieklautas 30.analitiskas tabulas un 31.ateli.In the modern economic relations the market participants pay a lot of attention to the results of the economic activity of each and every company. In order to ensure the survival and the successful functioning of the company the management of the company has to evaluate objectively both the financial situation of the own company and the competitor enterprises. This master's thesis examines the outer and inner environment of the company through the financial analysis of the company "SOLO" and its competitors. The aim of the master's thesis is to produce the proposals for the successful economic operations and the development of the company on the basis of the economics literary sources, existing legislation and the company data. This thesis has been written with the use of the statistical data, legal acts of the Republic of Latvia, relevant literary sources, Internet and, mostly, the financial reports of the company "SOLO" and its competitors. The total volume of work is 93 pages. There are 30 analytic tables and 31 charts

    Perancangan sistem informasi produksi terkomputerisasi pada UD. Sumber Jati

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    Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh UD. Sumber Jati mempunyai latar belakang sebagai berikut: sistem perusahaan yang belum terkomputerisasi menghambat perusahaan yang mulai berkembang pesat dan mempunyai daerah pemasaran yang semakin luas, dalam hal menyimpan dan mengolah data yang semakin banyak. Selain itu, perusahaan juga tidak mempunyai dokumen yang berisi informasi tentang kebutuhan bahan baku dan kegiatan produksi yang diperlukan, failure goods, dan kapan waktu produksi dilakukan dan berapa banyak produk yang akan diproduksi. Penelitian yang dilakukan berupa penelitian deskriptif. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan adalah data kualitatif yang berasal dari sumber internal berupa data primer. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa daftar pertanyaan, catatan, fotokopi, dan fax. Metode pengumpulan datanya yaitu wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini yaitu struktur organisasi job description, form, dan prosedur. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisa sistem, desain konseptual, dan desain fisik. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan, menghasilkan suatu rancangan sistem informasi akuntansi terkomputerisasi atas siklus produksi UD. Sumber Jati. Sistem informasi akuntansi yang terkomputerisasi menghasilkan desain fisik yang terdiri dari: form Surat Kontrak, form Komposisi Barang Jadi, form Jadwal Rencana Produksi, form Perintah Produksi, form Permintaan Bahan, form Perpindahan Barang, form Kartu Jam Kerja, form Hasil Produksi, form Kartu Harga Pokok, Realisasi Proses Produksi, dan Realisasi Perpindahan Barang, Laporan Permintaan Bahan, Laporan Hasil Produksi, Laporan Kartu Harga Pokok, dan Laporan Hasil Perbandingan Perencanaan dan Realisasi Perintah Produksi

    Development of methodology for the evaluation of high resolution precipitation forecasts over complex terrain using realistic gridded observations

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    Verification of precipitation forecasts is a very challenging task. High-resolution models are able to produce more detailed precipitation structures, but their primary benefit lies in delivering more realistic fields rather than the information provided for a specific grid point. Spatial verification methods generally reward closeness or resemblance by relaxing the requirement for exact matches between forecasts and observations that is the cause of double penalty errors in traditional approaches. Spatial precipitation fields derived from numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output are produced in the form of grids. In order to assess their accuracy with spatial verification methods, it is necessary to transpose any available observations (ground stations, radar products, satellite estimates) to the same grid. The challenge is to overcome the lack of density of observations in both time and space to accurately represent the highly variable nature of precipitation. In this thesis, the MISH (Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenized Data Basis) method is used to estimate the distribution of precipitation on both hourly and daily timescales. The idea behind the MISH interpolation scheme stems from the principles that gridded data can be created at higher quality when correlated with certain climate statistical parameters (geophysical characteristics), which can be modelled using long climate data series. The modelling of the statistical parameters for a given location is based on the long-term homogenized monthly data of neighbouring stations. In order to better exploit the information from stations neighbouring each grid point, remote sensing precipitation estimates are added as background information, which is evaluated in combination with the interpolated value. Subsequently, the precipitation forecasts are assessed using various spatial methods in an effort to identify the ability of each verification approach to provide distinctly useful information on model performance. The methods chosen represent different approaches in model evaluation strategy, such as that of neighborhood or fuzzy, scale separation and object-oriented techniques. Model output of the limited area COSMO model at two different resolutions is compared to the gridded precipitation fields created by MISH for four different test cases over Greece in an effort to obtain answers to questions related to their performance at different scales, to their location errors, intensity errors and distributions and to the precipitation forecast structure errors. Finally, the development of an integrated verification system for precipitation forecasts is proposed that meets the requirements of an operational system. The evaluation framework can flexibly incorporate all available observation sources and meet the needs of a wide range of users based on the various statistical approaches it applies. The system is adapted to the specificities of the Greek territory, consequently it can provide sufficient feedback on the performance of very high resolution NWP models in areas with extreme topography where in situ observations are too limited to accurately represent the phenomena.Τα αριθμητικά μοντέλα πρόγνωσης υψηλής ανάλυσης είναι σε θέση να παράγουν λεπτομερή δομή στα πεδία βροχόπτωσης, αλλά το βασικό τους όφελος έγκειται στην παροχή πιο ρεαλιστικών χωροχρονικών απεικονίσεων και όχι στις πληροφορίες που παρέχονται για ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο του πλέγματος. Η επαλήθευση των αριθμητικών προγνώσεων βροχόπτωσης είναι απαραίτητη και απαιτητική διαδικασία. Οι μέθοδοι χωρικής επαλήθευσης γενικά ανταμείβουν την εγγύτητα ή την ομοιότητα μεταξύ των πεδίων πρόγνωσης-παρατήρησης, χαλαρώνοντας την απαίτηση για ακριβή αντιστοίχισή που είναι η αιτία του διπλού σφάλματος στις παραδοσιακές προσεγγίσεις αξιολόγησης. Τα χωρικά πεδία βροχόπτωσης που προέρχονται από τα αριθμητικά μοντέλα αριθμητικής πρόγνωσης παράγονται με μορφή πλέγματος. Για να εκτιμηθεί η ακρίβειά τους με μεθόδους χωρικής επαλήθευσης, είναι απαραίτητο όλες οι διαθέσιμες παρατηρήσεις (σταθμοί επιφανείας, προϊόντα ραντάρ, δορυφορικές εκτιμήσεις) να δίνονται επίσης σε πλέγμα αντίστοιχης χωρικής και χρονικής ανάλυσης. Η πρόκληση συνεπώς είναι να αντιμετωπιστεί η αδιαμφισβήτητη έλλειψη της πυκνότητας επίγειων παρατηρήσεων που είναι εξαιρετικής σημασίας για τη μεταβλητή φύση της παραμέτρου, με τη χρήση και άλλων πηγών παρατήρησης αλλά και την εφαρμογή της κατάλληλης μεθοδολογίας κατά την παραγωγή ρεαλιστικών απεικονίσεων της πραγματικότητας. Σε αυτή τη διατριβή, η μέθοδος MISH (Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenized Data Basis) χρησιμοποιείται για την εκτίμηση της χωρικής κατανομής της βροχόπτωσης σε ημερήσια ή ωριαία χρονική κλίμακα. Το σύστημα παρεμβολής MISH βασίζεται στην αρχή ότι πλεγματικά δεδομένα υψηλής ακρίβειας μπορούν να δημιουργηθούν από παρατηρήσεις και κλιματολογικές στατιστικές παραμέτρους που προκύπτουν με τη συσχέτιση με γεωφυσικά χαρακτηριστικά της περιοχής ενδιαφέροντος, και αυτές οι παράμετροι μπορούν να προτυποποιηθούν χρησιμοποιώντας μεγάλες χρονοσειρές δεδομένων βροχόπτωσης. Στην ακολουθούμενη διαδικασία, η μοντελοποίηση των στατιστικών παραμέτρων για μια δεδομένη περιοχή βασίζεται σε μακροπρόθεσμα ομογενοποιημένα μηνιαία δεδομένα βροχόπτωσης γειτονικών σταθμών. Προκειμένου να αξιοποιηθούν καλύτερα οι πληροφορίες από σταθμούς που γειτνιάζουν με κάθε σημείο του πλέγματος, εκτιμήσεις υετού από δορυφόρους ή ραντάρ προστίθενται ως πληροφορίες υποβάθρου και τα πεδία βροχόπτωσης που προκύπτουν αξιολογούνται σε συνδυασμό με την παρεμβαλλόμενη τιμή. Οι προγνώσεις υετού στη συνέχεια αξιολογούνται χρησιμοποιώντας διάφορες χωρικές μεθόδους επαλήθευσης, σε μια προσπάθεια διερεύνησης της ικανότητας κάθε προσέγγισης να παρέχει χρήσιμες πληροφορίες σχετικά με την απόδοση του μοντέλου. Οι επιλεγμένες μέθοδοι στη διατριβή αυτή, αντιπροσωπεύουν διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις στην στρατηγική αξιολόγησης του μοντέλου και περιλαμβάνουν την προσέγγιση γειτνίασης, την προσέγγιση διαχωρισμού κλίμακας καθώς και την προσέγγιση εντοπισμού αντικειμένων στο πεδίο της βροχόπτωσης. Προγνώσεις του αριθμητικού μοντέλου COSMO υψηλής χωρικής ανάλυσης, συγκρίνονται με τα πεδία παρατηρήσεων που δημιουργήθηκαν από την μέθοδο MISH για τέσσερις καιρικά επεισόδια που επηρέασαν τον ελληνικό χώρο. Στόχος είναι να αναδειχτούν χαρακτηριστικά που σχετίζονται με την απόδοσή των προγνώσεων σε διαφορετικές χωρικές κλίμακες, σφάλματα τοποθέτησης των βροχοφόρων συστημάτων, αποκλίσεις στην ένταση και στην κατανομή του υετού καθώς και σε δεδομένα που αφορούν χαρακτηριστικά της δομής της παραμέτρου στο πεδίο. Τέλος, με τη διατριβή αυτή προτείνεται η ανάπτυξη ενός ολοκληρωμένου συστήματος επαλήθευσης για τις προγνώσεις βροχόπτωσης που (α) καλύπτει τις προϋποθέσεις ενός επιχειρησιακού συστήματος, (β) βασίζεται σε όλες τις διαθέσιμες πηγές παρατήρησης με ευελιξία στη χρήση τους, (γ) δίνει τη δυνατότητα χρήσης διαφορετικών μεθόδων χωρικής επαλήθευσης και (δ) είναι ταυτόχρονα προσανατολισμένο να καλύπτει τις ανάγκες διαφορετικών χρηστών. Το σύστημα είναι προσαρμοσμένο στις ανάγκες της ελληνικής επικράτειας, δηλαδή είναι τέτοιο που μπορεί να παρέχει επαρκείς πληροφορίες για την επιδεξιότητα ενός αριθμητικού μοντέλου πολύ υψηλής ανάλυσης σε περιοχές με έντονο ανάγλυφο και με μη επαρκείς πηγές παρατηρήσεων

    Spatial verification approaches as a tool to evaluate the performance of high resolution precipitation forecasts

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    The spatial resolution of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models has increased significantly in recent years. While high-resolution models are able to produce more detailed precipitation structures, their true benefit lies in more realistic statistics rather than the information provided for a specific grid point. Unfortunately, NWP model verification using traditional grid-point-by-grid-point methods has not managed to keep pace due to the limited amount of point observations available in comparable resolution. Spatial verification methods represent a possible solution since they reward closeness or resemblance by relaxing the requirement for exact matches between the forecast and observations. An intense convective event in the Mediterranean region is used as a test case to analyze the forecasting performance of the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling model (COSMO) at two different resolutions. Satellite estimates of precipitation are used as ground truth. The precipitation forecasts are assessed using various spatial methods and averaging techniques, each of which provides distinctly useful information on model performance. The results from this particular test case indicate that a neighbourhood verification framework as well as the use of the Structure, Amplitude and Location (SAL) index, which belongs to the object-based methods, can identify the scales and precipitation thresholds at which the fine resolution configuration (COSMO-GR3) provides more accurate forecasts than the coarser resolution configuration (COSMO-GR7) and is therefore worth the additional computational burden. Additional insight is gained by comparing the results of various spatial methods with traditional verification metrics based on point observations. Finally, it is demonstrated that the interpolation method used in the adaptation of data at various scales can, in some cases, influence verification results as much as model resolution. © 2017 Elsevier B.V

    Developing Gridded Climate Data Sets of Precipitation for Greece Based on Homogenized Time Series

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    The creation of realistic gridded precipitation fields improves our understanding of the observed climate and is necessary for validating climate model output for a wide range of applications. The challenge in trying to represent the highly variable nature of precipitation is to overcome the lack of density of observations in both time and space. Data sets of mean monthly and annual precipitations were developed for Greece in gridded format with an analysis of 30 arcsec (∼800 m) based on data from 1971 to 2000. One hundred and fifty-seven surface stations from two different observation networks were used to cover a satisfactory range of elevations. Station data were homogenized and subjected to quality control to represent changes in meteorological conditions rather than changes in the conditions under which the observations were made. The Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenized Data Basis (MISH) interpolation method was used to develop data sets that reproduce, as closely as possible, the spatial climate patterns over the region of interest. The main geophysical factors considered for the interpolation of mean monthly precipitation fields were elevation, latitude, incoming solar irradiance, Euclidian distance from the coastline, and land-to-sea percentage. Low precipitation interpolation uncertainties estimated with the cross-validation method provided confidence in the interpolation method. The resulting high-resolution maps give an overall realistic representation of precipitation, especially in fall and winter, with a clear longitudinal dependence on precipitation decreasing from western to eastern continental Greece

    Developing gridded climate data sets of precipitation for Greece based on homogenized time series

    No full text
    The creation of realistic gridded precipitation fields improves our understanding of the observed climate and is necessary for validating climate model output for a wide range of applications. The challenge in trying to represent the highly variable nature of precipitation is to overcome the lack of density of observations in both time and space. Data sets of mean monthly and annual precipitations were developed for Greece in gridded format with an analysis of 30 arcsec (~800 m) based on data from 1971 to 2000. One hundred and fifty-seven surface stations from two different observation networks were used to cover a satisfactory range of elevations. Station data were homogenized and subjected to quality control to represent changes in meteorological conditions rather than changes in the conditions under which the observations were made. The Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenized Data Basis (MISH) interpolation method was used to develop data sets that reproduce, as closely as possible, the spatial climate patterns over the region of interest. The main geophysical factors considered for the interpolation of mean monthly precipitation fields were elevation, latitude, incoming solar irradiance, Euclidian distance from the coastline, and land-to-sea percentage. Low precipitation interpolation uncertainties estimated with the cross-validation method provided confidence in the interpolation method. The resulting high-resolution maps give an overall realistic representation of precipitation, especially in fall and winter, with a clear longitudinal dependence on precipitation decreasing from western to eastern continental Greece. © 2019 by the authors

    Identifying the Skill of Higher Resolution Precipitation Forecasts with Neighborhood Verification Techniques

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    As numerical weather prediction models began to increase considerably in resolution, it became clear that traditional grid-point-by-grid-point verification methods did not provide material information about forecast performance. High-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) models produce more detailed precipitation structures but the real benefit is the more realistic statistics obtained from the higher resolution rather than the information for the specific grid point. Neighborhood verification rewards closeness by relaxing the requirement for exact matches between forecasts and observations. The advantage of the neighborhood approachis the use of a spatialwindowsurrounding the forecast and/or observedpoints. The size of the neighborhood can be varied to provide verification results at multiple scales, enabling the determination of which scales the forecast has the most useful skill. A strong convective event is used as a test case for forecasting precipitation over the complexterrain of the Alps. Theavailable precipitation data are treated withinwindows using a variety of methods for averaging (upscaling), thresholding, and PDF generation, each of which provides distinctly useful information on model performance
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