Treatment of hemorrhagic shock with hypertonic saline solution modulates the inflammatory response to live bacteria in lungs

Shock and resuscitation render patients more susceptible to acute lung injury due to an exacerbated immune response to subsequent inflammatory stimuli. To study the role of innate immunity in this situation, we investigated acute lung injury in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) followed by an early challenge with live bacteria. Conscious rats (N = 8 in each group) were submitted to controlled hemorrhage and resuscitated with isotonic saline (SS, 0.9% NaCl) or hypertonic saline (HS, 7.5% NaCl) solution, followed by intratracheal or intraperitoneal inoculation of Escherichia coli. After infection, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 mRNA expression was monitored by RT-PCR in infected tissues. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 6 and 10 were determined by ELISA. All animals showed similar hemodynamic variables, with mean arterial pressure decreasing to nearly 40 mmHg after bleeding. HS or SS used as resuscitation fluid yielded equal hemodynamic results. Intratracheal E. coli inoculation per se induced a marked neutrophil infiltration in septa and inside the alveoli, while intraperitoneal inoculation-associated neutrophils and edema were restricted to the interseptal space. Previous I-R enhanced lung neutrophil infiltration upon bacterial challenge when SS was used as reperfusion fluid, whereas neutrophil influx was unchanged in HS-treated animals. No difference in TLR expression or cytokine secretion was detected between groups receiving HS or SS. We conclude that HS is effective in reducing the early inflammatory response to infection after I-R, and that this phenomenon is achieved by modulation of factors other than expression of innate immunity components.FAPESPFundação Faculdade de MedicinaCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Recommendations For Physical Exercise Practice During Pregnancy: A Critical Review [recomendações Para A Prática De Exercício Físico Na Gravidez: Uma Revisão Crítica Da Literature]

Physical exercise is recommended for all healthy pregnant women. Regular practice of exercises during pregnancy can provide many physical and psychological benefits, with no evidence of adverse outcomes for the fetus or the newborn when exercise is performed at mild to moderate intensity. However, few pregnant women engage in this practice and many still have fears and doubts about the safety of exercise. The objective of the present study was to inform the professionals who provide care for Brazilian pregnant women about the current recommendations regarding physical exercise during pregnancy based on the best scientific evidence available. In view of the perception that few systematic models are available about this topic and after performing several studies in this specific area, we assembled practical information of interest to both the professionals and the pregnant women. We also provide recommendations about the indications, contraindications, modalities (aerobics, resistance training, stretching and pelvic floor training), frequency, intensity and duration indicated for each gestational trimester. The review addresses physical exercise recommendation both for low risk pregnant women and for special populations, such as athletes and obese, hypertensive and diabetic subjects. The advantages of an active and healthy lifestyle should be always reinforced during and after gestation since pregnancy is an appropriate period to introduce new habits because pregnant women are usually more motivated to adhere to recommendations. Thus, routine exams, frequent returns and supervision are recommended in order to provide new guidelines that will have long-term beneficial effects for both mother and child.369423431Global recommendations on physical activity for health, , http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599979_eng.pdf, [Internet], Geneva, 2010 [cited 1 Mar 2014]. 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Number 267, January 2002: Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period (2002) Obstet Gynecol, 99 (1), pp. 171-173. , ACOG Committee Obstetric PracticeGlobal strategy on diet, physical activity and health (2004) Geneva: WHOCaspersen, C.J., Powell, K.E., Christenson, G.M., Physical active, exercise and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research (1985) Public Health Rep, 100 (2), pp. 126-131Chasan-Taber, L., Schmidt, M.D., Roberts, D.E., Hosmer, D., Markenson, G., Freedson, P.S., G, PS. Development and validation of a Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (2004) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36 (10), pp. 1750-1760Hegaard, H.K., Pedersen, B.K., Nielsen, B.B., Damm, P., Leisure time physical activity during pregnancy and impact on gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and birth weight: A review (2007) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 86 (11), pp. 1290-1296Wolfe, L.A., Davies, G.A., School of Physical and Health Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Canadian guidelines for exercise in pregnancy (2003) Clin Obstet Gynecol, 46 (2), pp. 488-495Dempsey, J.C., Butler, C.L., Williams, M.A., No need for a pregnant pause: Physical activity may reduce the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia (2005) Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 33 (3), pp. 141-149Meher, S., Duley, L., Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2)Streuling, I., Beyerlein, A., Rosenfeld, E., Hofmann, H., Schulz, T., Von Kries, R., Physical activity and gestational weight gain: A meta-analysis of intervention trials (2011) BJOG, 118 (3), pp. 278-284Nascimento, S.L., Surita, F.G., Parpinelli, M.A., Siani, S., Pinto E Silva, J.L., The effect of an antenatal physical exercise programme on maternal/perinatal outcomes and quality of life in overweight and obese pregnant women: A randomised clinical trial (2011) BJOG, 118 (12), pp. 1455-1463Guelinckx, I., Devlieger, R., Mullie, P., Vansant, G., Effect of lifestyle intervention on dietary habits, physical activity, and gestational weight gain in obese pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial (2010) Am J Clin Nutr, 91 (2), pp. 373-380Schmitt, N.M., Nicholson, W.K., Schmitt, J., The association of pregnancy and the development of obesity - results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the natural history of postpartum weight retention (2007) Int J Obes (Lond), 31 (11), pp. 1642-1651Nascimento, S.L., Surita, F.G., Cecatti, J.G., Physical exercise during pregnancy: A systematic review (2012) Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 24 (6), pp. 387-394http://www.rcog.org.uk/womens-health/clinical-guidance/exercise-pregnancy, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [Internet], Exercise in pregnancy (RCOG Statement No 4). 2006 [cited 1 Mar 2014]. 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Available fromSoultanakis, H.N., Artal, R., Wiswell, R.A., Prolonged exercise in pregnancy: Glucose homeostasis, ventilatory and cardiovascular responses (1996) Semin Perinatol, 20 (4), pp. 315-327Merriam, A.A., Chichester, M., Patel, N., Hoffman, M.K., Bed rest and gestational diabetes: More reasons to get out of bed in the morning (2014) Obstet Gynecol, 123 (1), p. 70SKasawara, K.T., Do Nascimento, S.L., Costa, M.L., Surita, F.G., Pinto E Silva, J.L., Exercise and physical activity in the prevention of pre-eclampsia: Systematic review (2012) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 91 (10), pp. 1147-1157Kasawara, K.T., Burgos, C.S., Do Nascimento, S.L., Ferreira, N.O., Surita, F.G., Pinto E Silva, J.L., Maternal and perinatal outcomes of exercise in pregnant women with chronic hypertension and/or previous preeclampsia: A randomized controlled trial (2013) ISRN Obstet Gynecol, p. 2013. , 857047Medeiros, A.A., Influence of aerobic physical activity on blood pressure and fetal-placental blood flow in hypertensive pregnant women (2009) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 31 (4), p. 211. , PortugueseSzymanski, L.M., Satin, A.J., Strenuous exercise during pregnancy: Is there a limit (2012) Am J Obstet Gynecol, 207 (3), p. 179Zavorsky, G.S., Longo, L.D., Exercise guidelines in pregnancy: New perspectives (2011) Sports Med, 41 (5), pp. 345-360Pigatto, C., Santos, C.M., Santos, W.M., Neme, W.S., Portela, L.O., Moraes, E.N., Effects of physical exercise on the fetal hemodynamic parameters (2014) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 36 (5), pp. 216-221. , PortugueseBarakat, R., Lucia, A., Ruiz, J.R., Resistance exercise training during pregnancy and newborn’s birth size: A randomised controlled trial (2009) Int J Obes (Lond), 33 (9), pp. 1048-1057Martins, R.F., Pinto E Silva, J.L., Treatment of pregnancy-related lumbar and pelvic girdle pain by yoga method: A randomized controlled study (2014) J Altern Complement Med, 20 (1), pp. 24-31Martins, R.F., Pinto E Silva, J.L., An exercise method for the treatment of lumbar and posterior pelvic pain in pregnancy (2005) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 27 (5), pp. 275-282. , PortugueseBoyle, R., Hay-Smith, E.J., Cody, J.D., Mørkved, S., Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10Borg, G.A.V., Noble, B.J., Perceived exertion (1974) Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 2, pp. 131-153Dempsey, J.C., Sorensen, T.K., Williams, M.A., Lee, I.M., Miller, R.S., Dashow, E.E., Prospective study of gestational diabetes mellitus risk in relation to maternal recreational physical activity before and during pregnancy (2004) Am J Epidemiol, 159 (7), pp. 663-670Zhang, C., Solomon, C.G., Manson, J.E., Hu, F.B., A prospective study of pregravid physical activity and sedentary behaviors in relation to the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (2006) Arch Intern Med, 166 (5), pp. 543-548Tobias, D.K., Zhang, C., Van Dam, R.M., Bowers, K., Hu, F.B., Physical activity before and during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis (2011) Diabetes Care, 34 (1), pp. 223-229Edwards, M.J., Review: Hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy (2006) Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 76 (7), pp. 507-516Beckmann, M.M., Stock, O.M., Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (4)Nascimento, S.L., Pudwell, J., Surita, F.G., Adamo, K.B., Smith, G.N., The effect of physical exercise strategies on weight loss in postpartum women: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) Int J Obes (Lond), 38 (5), pp. 626-63

Rhinosinusitis: Evidence And Experience. A Summary

[No abstract available]811818Fokkens, W.J., Lund, V.J., Mullol, J., Bachert, C., Alobid, I., Baroody, F., European position paper on rhinosinusitis 4and nasal polyps 2012 (2012) Rhinol Suppl, 23, pp. 1-298Kosugi, E.M., Chen, V.G., Fonseca, V.M.G.D., Cursino, M.M.P., Mendes Neto, J.A., Gregorio, L.C., Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT): 22 to Brazilian Portuguese (2011) Br J Ophthalmol, 77, pp. 663-669Hopkins, C., Patient reported outcome measures in rhinology (2009) Rhinology, 47, pp. 10-17Morley, A.D., Sharp, H., A review of sinonasal outcome scoring systems - which is best? (2006) Clin Otolaryngol, 31, pp. 103-109Williams, J.W., Simel, D.L., Roberts, L., Samsa, G.P., Clinical evaluation for sinusitis. 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II. Characteristics of illness and antibody response (1967) JAMA, 202, pp. 494-500Young, J., De Sutter, A., Merenstein, D., van Essen, G.A., Kaiser, L., Varonen, H., Antibiotics for adults with clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data (2008) Lancet, 371, pp. 908-914Merenstein, D., Whittaker, C., Chadwell, T., Wegner, B., D'Amico, F., Are antibiotics beneficial for patients with sinusitis complaints? A randomized double-blind clinical trial (2005) J Fam Pract, 54, pp. 144-151Benninger, M.S., Sedory Holzer, S.E., Lau, J., Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: summary of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research evidence-based report (2000) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 122, pp. 1-7Meltzer, E.O., Bachert, C., Staudinger, H., Treating acute rhinosinusitis: comparing efficacy and safety of mometasone furoate nasal spray, amoxicilin, and placebo (2005) J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116, pp. 1289-1295de Ferranti, S.D., Ioannidis, J.P., Lau, J., Anninger, W.V., Barz, M., Are amoxicillin and folate inhibitors as effective as other antibiotics for acute sinusitis? 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The Nasonex Sinusitis Group (2000) J Allergy Clin Immunol, 106, pp. 630-637Nayak, A.S., Settipane, G.A., Pedinoff, A., Charous, L., Meltzer, E.O., Busse, W.W., Effective dose range of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of acute rhinosinusitis (2002) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 89, pp. 271-278Dolor, R.J., Witsell, D.L., Hellkamp, A.S., Williams, J.W., Califf, R.M., Simel, D.L., Comparison of cefuroxime with or without intranasal fluticasone for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. 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Coagulation Factor Xa Promotes Solid Tumor Growth, Experimental Metastasis and Endothelial Cell Activation

Hypercoagulable state is linked to cancer progression; however, the precise role of the coagulation cascade is poorly described. Herein, we examined the contribution of a hypercoagulative state through the administration of intravenous Coagulation Factor Xa (FXa), on the growth of solid human tumors and the experimental metastasis of the B16F10 melanoma in mouse models. FXa increased solid tumor volume and lung, liver, kidney and lymph node metastasis of tail-vein injected B16F10 cells. Concentrating on the metastasis model, upon coadministration of the anticoagulant Dalteparin, lung metastasis was significantly reduced, and no metastasis was observed in other organs. FXa did not directly alter proliferation, migration or invasion of cancer cells in vitro. Alternatively, FXa upon endothelial cells promoted cytoskeleton contraction, disrupted membrane VE-Cadherin pattern, heightened endothelial-hyperpermeability, increased inflammatory adhesion molecules and enhanced B16F10 adhesion under flow conditions. Microarray analysis of endothelial cells treated with FXa demonstrated elevated expression of inflammatory transcripts. Accordingly, FXa treatment increased immune cell infiltration in mouse lungs, an effect reduced by dalteparin. Taken together, our results suggest that FXa increases B16F10 metastasis via endothelial cell activation and enhanced cancer cell-endothelium adhesion advocating that the coagulation system is not merely a bystander in the process of cancer metastasis