Evaluation of the performance of seven different marks of self-inflating resuscitator bags for adults manufacturing and/or commercialization in Brazil

Orientador: Ronan Jose VieiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias MedicasResumo: Esta pesquisa foi realizada como o objetivo de verificar se a fisioterapia respiratória favorece o surgimento de refluxo gástrico de dieta enteral para a cavidade orofaríngea em pacientes adultos, sedados, portadores de via aérea artificial e necessitando ventilação mecânica. Efetuou-se um estudo experimental prospectivo, utilizando-se o modelo estatístico caso-controle, empregou-se grupo experimenta~ o qual os pacientes recebiam tratamento fisioterápico e o grupo controle, o qual os pacientes não recebiam tratamento fisioterápico. A amostra foi composta por 20 pacientes em cada grupo, os quais recebiam dieta enteral por sonda de alimentação alocada no estômago. Utilizou-se como marcador do refluxo gástrico de dieta enteral o corante azul-de-metileno, injetado no intervalo entre a metade e a outra metade do volume total de dieta enteral infundida. Se os pacientes apresentassem colorações azuladas em suas secreções orofaríngeas, verificado por três profissionais da saúde no final do experimento, estaria evidenciado o refluxo de dieta enteral. Ao final de cada experimento, tanto no grupo controle como no grupo experimenta não foram encontradas, secreções azuladas, em nenhum paciente durante as inspeções da sua cavidade orofaríngea. Este fato nos permitiu concluir que a fisioterapia respiratória, neste grupo de pacientes, não propicia o refluxo de dieta enteral para a cavidade orofaríngeaAbstract: This research was carried through as the objective to evaluate the gastric index of reflux of enteral diet for the orofaringea socket caused by the respiratory therapeutic handling in adult patients, sedated, intubated and needing ventilation mechanics. A prospective experimental study was effected, using the statistical model case-control, was used the experimental group has controlled, which the patients did not receive handling physical therapy. The sample was composed of 20 patients who received enteral diet for sounding lead of feed leased in the stomach. The blue-of-methylene was used as marking of gastric reflux of enteral diet, which was introduced in the interval between the half and to another half of the total volume of the enteral diet. If the patients presented bluish coloration in its orofaringeas secretions; in the end of the experiment, were evidenced refluxes of enteral diet. To the end of each experiment, as much in the group has controlled as in the experimental group, nothing was found in any patient, during the inspections of itsorofaringeas sockets, bluish secretions. This fact led us to the conclusion that the physical therapy in this specific group of patients was not appropriate for the reflux of enteral diet for the orofaringea socketDoutoradoCiencias BasicasDoutor em Clínica Médic

Alterations in peak inspiratory pressure and tidal volume delivered by manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags as a function of the oxygen supply rate

OBJECTIVE: To assess possible alterations in the tidal volume and peak inspiratory pressure delivered by seven models of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags as a function of the oxygen supply rate used. METHODS: The resuscitation bags tested were the following: Oxigel, models A and B; CE Reanimadores; ProtecSolutions; Missouri; Axmed; and Narcosul. For the measurements, a wall oxygen flow meter, a flow meter/respirometer, a resuscitation bag, a sensor (Tracer 5 unit), and a test lung were connected. In addition, the Tracer 5 unit was connected to a notebook computer. Oxygen supply rates of 1, 5, 10, and 15 L/min were used. RESULTS: The tidal volume delivered by the Oxigel model A resuscitation bag when receiving oxygen at a rate of 15 L/min was approximately 99% greater than that delivered when receiving oxygen at a rate of 1 L/min. Similarly, peak inspiratory pressure was approximately 155% greater. Under the same conditions, the tidal volume delivered by the Narcosul resuscitation bag was 48% greater, and peak inspiratory pressure was 105% greater. The remaining resuscitation bags tested showed no significant alterations in the tidal volume or peak inspiratory pressure delivered. CONCLUSIONS: Under the resistance and compliance conditions used, the resuscitation bags in which the oxygen inflow is directly to the interior of the bag had the patient valve stuck at the inspiratory position when receiving oxygen at a rate > 5 L/min, significantly increasing the tidal volume and peak inspiratory pressure delivered. This did not occur with the resuscitation bags in which the oxygen inflow is directed to the exterior of the bag.OBJETIVO: Determinar possíveis alterações do volume corrente e da pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos por sete modelos de reanimador manual com balão auto-inflável em função do fluxo de entrada de oxigênio utilizado. MÉTODOS: Os reanimadores testados foram: Oxigel, modelos A e B; CE Reanimadores; ProtecSolutions; Missouri; Axmed; e Narcosul. Para as aferições, acoplaram-se um fluxômetro de oxigênio de parede, um fluxômetro/respirômetro, um reanimador, um sensor (aparelho Tracer 5) e um pulmão-teste. Além disso, acoplou-se o aparelho Tracer 5 a um notebook. Utilizaram-se fluxos de entrada de oxigênio de 1, 5, 10 e 15 L/min. RESULTADOS: O volume corrente fornecido pelo reanimador Oxigel modelo A ao receber 15 L/min de oxigênio foi aproximadamente 99% maior que o fornecido ao receber 1 L/min de oxigênio. Da mesma forma, a pressão de pico inspiratório foi 155% maior. Nas mesmas condições, o volume corrente fornecido pelo reanimador Narcosul foi 48% maior, e a pressão de pico inspiratório foi 105% maior. Os demais reanimadores testados não apresentaram alterações significativas do volume corrente e da pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições de resistência e complacência utilizadas, os reanimadores em que o fluxo de entrada de oxigênio é direcionado diretamente ao interior do balão tiveram a válvula do paciente presa em posição de inspiração ao receberem um fluxo > 5 L/min, aumentando significativamente o volume corrente e a pressão de pico inspiratório fornecidos. Isso não ocorreu nos reanimadores em que o fluxo de entrada de oxigênio é direcionado ao exterior do balão.81782

Comparison of the FiO2 delivered by seven models of the self-inflating bag-mask system

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since resuscitators with self-inflating bag-mask systems manufactured and/or commercialized in Brazil are widely available and used in health services, both out- and intra-hospitals, the objective of this study was to determine the O2 fractions delivered by seven resuscitators receiving different O2 flows. METHODS: Seven resuscitators with self-inflating bag-mask systems were tested at the Respiratory Unit of the HC/UNICAMP. A wall O2 flowmeter was connected to the resuscitator that received an O2 flow of 1, 5, 10, and 15 L.min-1 and those were connected to a test lung. Resuscitators capable of being connected to an O2 reservoir were tested with and without this accessory. Twenty consecutive measurements were performed and the mean determined. RESULTS: Only one resuscitator delivered and O2 fraction slightly below the accepted limit (0.80) when used with the O2 reservoir. Without this device, all resuscitators achieved the minimal limit of O2 fraction (0.40). Resuscitators not capable of being connected to an O2 reservoir delivered a higher O2. CONCLUSIONS: All resuscitators capable of being connected to an O2 reservoir delivered a higher O2 concentration when connected to this device. Resuscitators that do not have this capability delivered a higher O2 concentration than the ones that could be connected to this device but are used without it.JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Devido ao fato dos reanimadores com sistema balão-máscara auto-infláveis fabricados e/ou comercializados no Brasil serem amplamente disponíveis e utilizados em serviços de saúde extra e intra-hospitalares, este estudo teve o objetivo de determinar as frações de O2 ofertadas por sete reanimadores recebendo diferentes fluxo de O2. MÉTODO: Sete reanimadores com sistema balão-máscara auto-infláveis foram testados na Unidade Respiratória do HC/UNICAMP. Um fluxômetro de O2 de parede foi conectado ao reanimador que recebia fluxo de O2 de 1, 5, 10 e 15 L.min-1, sendo estes conectados a um pulmão-teste. Os reanimadores que têm a capacidade de se conectar um reservatório de O2 foram testados com e sem esse acessório. Foram efetuadas 20 medidas consecutivas e determinada a média. RESULTADOS: Apenas um reanimador apresentou oferta de fração de O2 pouco abaixo do limite mínimo preconizado (0,80), quando utilizado com o reservatório de O2. Sem esse dispositivo acoplado todos os reanimadores atingiram o limite mínimo de fração de O2 preconizada (0,40). Os reanimadores que não apresentam a possibilidade de acoplar o reservatório de O2 apresentaram maior oferta de O2 em relação aos outros reanimadores. CONCLUSÕES: Todos os reanimadores que possuem a opção de acoplagem do reservatório de O2 forneceram maior concentração de O2 com esse acessório. Os reanimadores que não têm possibilidade de acoplar o reservatório de O2 apresentaram maior oferta de O2 em relação aos outros que podem ser acoplados ao reservatório quando usados sem esse acessório.JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Debido al hecho de que los reanimadores con sistema balón -máscara autoinflables fabricados y/o comercializados en Brasil están ampliamente al alcance y que son utilizados en servicios de salud extra e intrahospitalarios, este estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar las fracciones de O2 ofertadas por siete reanimadores recibiendo diferentes flujos de O2. MÉTODO: Siete reanimadores con sistema balón-máscara autoinflables fueron probados en la Unidad Respiratoria del HC/UNICAMP. Un fluxómetro de O2 de pared fue conectado al reanimador que recibía flujo de O2 de 1, 5, 10 y 15 L.min-1, siendo que ellos se conectaron a un pulmón test. Los reanimadores que poseen la capacidad de conectarse a un reservorio de O2 se probaron con y sin ese accesorio. Se efectuaron 20 medidas consecutivas y se determinó el promedio. RESULTADOS: Apenas un reanimador presentó oferta de fracción de O2 poco por debajo del límite mínimo preconizado (0,80), cuando se usó con el reservorio de O2. Sin ese dispositivo acoplado, todos los reanimadores alcanzaron el límite mínimo de fracción de O2 preconizada (0,40). Los reanimadores que no presentaron la posibilidad de acoplar el reservorio de O2 presentaron una mayor oferta de O2 con relación a los otros reanimadores. CONCLUSIONES: Todos los reanimadores que poseen la opción de acoplamiento del reservorio de O2, suministraron una mayor concentración de O2 con ese accesorio. Los reanimadores que no tienen la posibilidad de acoplar el reservorio de O2 presentaron una mayor oferta de O2 con relación a los otros que sí pueden ser acoplados al reservorio cuando se usan sin ese accesorio.212

Oxygen Outflow Delivered By Manually Operated Self-inflating Resuscitation Bags In Patients Breathing Spontaneously.

To determine the oxygen outflow delivered by seven different models of manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags (with and without an oxygen reservoir connected), which were tested using different oxygen supply rates without manipulating the bag, by simulating their use in patients breathing spontaneously. The oxygen outflow was measured using a wall oxygen flow meter and a flow meter/respirometer attached to the bag, together with another flow meter/respirometer attached to the patient connection port. The resuscitation bags that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir were tested with and without this device. All resuscitation bags were tested using oxygen supply rates of 1, 5, 10, and 15 L/min. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance and t-tests. The resuscitation bags that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir presented a greater oxygen outflow when this device was connected. All resuscitation bags delivered a greater oxygen outflow when receiving oxygen at a rate of 15 L/min. However, not all models delivered a sufficient oxygen outflow even when the two previous conditions were satisfied. Of the resuscitation bags studied, those that allow the connection of an oxygen reservoir must have this reservoir connected to the bag when used as a source of oxygen in nonintubated spontaneously breathing patients. All of the models studied should receive oxygen at a rate > 15 L/min. It is not safe to use manually operated self-inflating resuscitation bags for this purpose without knowing their characteristics.34212-

Tailored intracuff pressures

Não tem38

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years