Dresser la cartographie napoléonienne de l’Italie : Comment et pourquoi ?

Faisant référence à mes travaux sur les ingénieurs géographes et Chabrol de Volvic, dans lesquels j’ai constaté un intérêt nouveau pour les problèmes spatiaux au début du xixe siècle, je me suis posé la question de savoir si la cartographie de cette période témoignait aussi d’une nouvelle curiosité spatiale. Pour ouvrir la question, j’ai commencé à étudier la cartographie napoléonienne de l’Italie (territoire nouvellement français et sur la voie de l’intégration politique, économique et sociale). Vu la grande quantité de cartes à étudier, la difficulté d’une étude comparative de cartes, et ma distance géographique habituelle des sources, j’ai commencé par une exploration de la possibilité et de l’utilité de faire un atlas électronique de la cartographie napoléonienne. Dans cette communication, je montre ce que j’ai réussi à faire jusqu’ici et j’examine les difficultés, la validité, et la valeur de ce genre de travail.To draw up the Napoleonic cartography of Italy : How and why ?In my earlier publications I have documented the emergence in the early 19th century of a new spatial interest in the writings of the topographical engineers and Chabrol de Volvic. It would be logical to assume that a new spatial curiosity would also manifest itself in the cartography of this period. To explore this question I studied the Napoleonic cartography of Italy (a recently French territory under political, economic and social integration). Given the huge number of maps to be studied, the difficulty of a comparative study of maps, and my physical distance from the maps, I began by analyzing the possibility and utility of an electronic atlas of Napoleonic cartography. In this paper I show the results of my work to date and I discuss critically the difficulties, the validity and the limitations of this type of work

Including 38 kHz in the standardization protocol for hydroacoustic fish surveys in temperate lakes

Hydroacoustics has become a requisite method to assess fish populations and allows to describe the relationships of fish with other elements of the aquatic ecosystem. This nonintrusive method is currently an integral part of the sampling procedures recommended for fish stock assessment by the Water Framework Directive and has been standardized by the European Committee for Standardization [CEN (2014) CSN EN 15910 - Water quality - Guidance on the estimation of fish abundance with mobile hydroacoustic methods, Category: 7577 Water quality. Biological.]. In Europe, hydroacoustic surveys are performed in freshwater using different frequencies. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate if survey results can be compared. This study aimed to carry out in situ comparisons at the 38 kHz frequency (noted f) with two other commonly used frequencies, 70 and 200 kHz. The 38 kHz frequency has seldom been compared with other frequencies in freshwater although it is widely used worldwide, especially in the Great Lakes of North America and in Sweden. In 2016, hydroacoustic data were acquired in Lakes Annecy and Bourget using methods validated in previous studies that compared the frequencies 70, 120 and 200 kHz. This study showed similar density and biomass estimations as a function of frequency, density(f) and biomass(f), between the frequencies studied for low to moderate fish densities. For higher fish densities, the results were more variable and need to be verified. Fish density(f) and biomass(f) estimations sometimes exhibit differences between frequencies, which is not fully in agreement with theoretical calculations. The aim of this study was to evaluate frequency comparisons in practise. However, if the differences on acoustic metrics, density(f) or biomass(f) between frequencies were occasionally statistically significant, the differences were small enough to be considered negligible for fish population management. These analyses led to better knowledge of the responses from fish in temperate lakes for the studied frequencies. Our findings should be considered when revising the CEN standard

What do first-year university students in Ontario, Canada, know about First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples and topics?

We disseminated the Awareness Questionnaire to the first-year cohorts at 10 Ontario universities in 2014. Co-designed with over 200 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit educators and community members across Ontario, the survey investigated how students are learning to think about colonialism and its relationship to Indigenous peoples and Canadian society. Statistical analysis of 2,899 student responses reveals that first-year universitystudents who graduated from Ontario high schools are substantially unaware of Indigenous presence and vitality. The majority of students do not understand the fundamental laws structuring conditions of life for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people or the contributions Indigenous peoples make to all aspects of Canadian society. Although they know slightly more about what is happening with regard to Indigenous peoples today,students have little sense of the historical circumstances and forces that shape current events. Arguably, students are this ignorant because the Ontario K–12 curriculum, which remains deeply inadequate, is the primary source of information for most students. However, when students have opportunities to engage with Indigenous perspectives and topics, it can make a difference to what students know and think. These results indicate that curricular reform is key to eradicating mass ignorance but cannot occur in isolation. Teacher education programs must play a central role in enacting the promise of new curricular emphases.Nous avons diffusé le questionnaire sur la sensibilisation au corps étudiant de première année de 10 universités ontariennes en 2014. Élaboré en collaboration avec plus de 200 éducateurs et membres des communautés des Premières Nations, Métis et Inuits à travers l’Ontario, ce sondage a examiné ce que les étudiants pensent du colonialisme et de son rapport avec les peuples autochtones et la société canadienne. L’analyse statistique de 2 899 réponses d’étudiants révèle que les étudiants universitaires de première année ayant gradué des écoles secondaires ontariennes ignorent substantiellement la présence des autochtones et leurs activités. La majorité des étudiants ne comprennent pas les lois fondamentales qui régissent les conditions de vie des membres des communautés des Premières nations, Métis et Inuits, ni la contribution qu’apportent les peuples autochtonesà tous les aspects de la société canadienne. Bien qu’ils en sachent un peu plus sur ce qui se passe actuellement à l’égard des peuples autochtones, les étudiants n’ont que peu de connaissances sur les circonstances et contraintes passées qui façonnent les événements actuels. Les étudiants sont sans doute ignorants parce que le programme d’études ontarien de la maternelle à la 12e année, qui demeure très insuffisant, demeure pour la plupart leur principale source d’information. Cependant, offrir aux étudiants l’occasion de se familiariser avec les points de vue et la culture des autochtones peut avoir un impact sur ce qu’ils connaissent et pensent. Ces résultats indiquent que la réforme des programmes d’études est essentielle pour éradiquer l’ignorance généralisée, mais qu’elle ne peut à elle seule y arriver. Les programmes de formation des enseignants doivent jouer un rôle primordial afin de mettre en place de nouveaux programmes d’enseignement scolaire

Comparing hydroacoustic fish stock estimates in the pelagic zone of temperate deep lakes using three sound frequencies (70, 120, 200 kHz)

Several decades of research have led to the acceptance of hydroacoustics as a reliable measurement method to monitor fish population in lakes, but full standardisation and intercalibration are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sound frequency on acoustic parameters, such as volume backscattering strength, target strength, and the estimation of fish abundance. Data were recorded in situ using 3 frequencies (70, 120, 200 kHz) simultaneously in 2 different lakes. The results among the frequencies were compared and statistically tested. Data from the 70 and 120 kHz frequencies yielded similar results, but the 200 kHz echosounder estimates in temperate lakes seemed different, especially in cases of high fish abundance, which is typical of eutrophic ecosystems. This work indicates that the abundance estimates of fish populations in temperate lakes based on 200 kHz frequency may differ from results obtained using lower frequencies, and that further study is needed

Dresser la cartographie napoléonienne d'Italie : comment et pourquoi ?

Anne Godlewska, To draw up the Napoleonic cartography of Italy : How and why ? In my earlier publications I have documented the emergence in the early 19th century of a new spatial interest in the writings of the topographical engineers and Chabrol de Volvic. It would be logical to assume that a new spatial curiosity would also manifest itself in the cartography of this period. To explore this question I studied the Napoleonic cartography of Italy (a recently French territory under political, economic and social integration). Given the huge number of maps to be studied, the difficulty of a comparative study of maps, and my physical distance from the maps, I began by analyzing the possibility and utility of an electronic atlas of Napoleonic cartography. In this paper I show the results of my work to date and I discuss critically the difficulties, the validity and the limitations of this type of work.Faisant référence à mes travaux sur les ingénieurs géographes et Chabrol de Volvic, dans lesquels j'ai constaté un intérêt nouveau pour les problèmes spatiaux au début du xixe siècle, je me suis posé la question de savoir si la cartographie de cette période témoignait aussi d'une nouvelle curiosité spatiale. Pour ouvrir la question, j'ai commencé à étudier la cartographie napoléonienne de l'Italie (territoire nouvellement français et sur la voie de l'intégration politique, économique et sociale). Vu la grande quantité de cartes à étudier, la difficulté d'une étude comparative de cartes, et ma distance géographique habituelle des sources, j'ai commencé par une exploration de la possibilité et de l'utilité de faire un atlas électronique de la cartographie napoléonienne. Dans cette communication, je montre ce que j'ai réussi à faire jusqu'ici et j'examine les difficultés, la validité, et la valeur de ce genre de travail.Godlewska Anne. Dresser la cartographie napoléonienne d'Italie : comment et pourquoi ?. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n°320, 2000. pp. 197-204

L'influence d'un homme sur la géographie française : Conrad Malte-Brun (1775-1826)

This article looks at geography as it was practiced and preached by an author who wrote after the Revolution, at the time of Napoleon, and under the Restauration, Conrad Malte-Brun. He was a public figure of some considerable influence who had strongly held opinions which, in part, reflected the political, scientific and ideological preoccupations of his time. The focus here is on the internal logic of his thought. His ideas on the nature of geography were often contradictory and sometimes tendentious. They, nevertheless, bear study as they had a considerable influence, although arguably not a strictly positive one, on the future of the discipline and also because they echo the concerns of " literary " or descriptive geographers — including their most modern adherents, the postmodernists.Cet article examine la géographie pratiquée et propagée par Malte-Brun qui écrit après la Révolution et à l'époque de la Restauration. C'est un homme cultivé, opiniâtre, bien connu du public, et dont les jugements répondent surtout aux préoccupations politiques, scientifiques et idéologiques du temps. Je m'intéresse ici à la logique interne de sa pensée. Ses idées sur la nature de la géographie, souvent contradictoires et parfois tendancieuses, sont néanmoins importantes pour leur influence, pas toujours favorable, sur l'avenir de la discipline et parce qu'elles trouvent un écho chez les géographes littéraires, même contemporains.Godlewska Anne. L'influence d'un homme sur la géographie française : Conrad Malte-Brun (1775-1826) . In: Annales de Géographie, t. 100, n°558, 1991. pp. 190-206

Unsettling Pedagogy: Co-designing Research in Place with Indigenous Educators

This article argues that decolonizing educational research begins in attention to inherited colonial thinking and ways of being. Working with over 250 Indigenous educators, staff, students, faculty and administrators associated with 10 partner universities in Ontario, Canada, we co-designed a questionnaire assessing how Ontario post-secondary students are learning to think about colonialism and its relationship to Indigenous peoples and Canadian society. Situating ourselves as researchers and as participants, we theorize the questionnaire’s and our own methodological transformation through the lens of recent literature on epistemologies of ignorance, discussing humour, the relationship between language and imagination, and assumptions we held that presented significant opportunities to shift how we relate. In doing so we argue the social importance of attending to the limits of knowledge and the entrenchment of those limits in historically conditioned and socially sanctioned axes of dominance. We attest both to the depths of colonial misrecognition and to the power of Indigenous knowledge and ways of being to shift social worlds