Measuring social networks in primates: wearable sensors versus direct observations

International audienceTechnology, Japan Network analysis represents a valuable and flexible framework to understand the structure of individual interactions at the population level in animal societies. The versatility of network representations is moreover suited to different types of datasets describing these interactions. However, depending on the data collection method, different pictures of the social bonds between individuals could a priori emerge. Understanding how the data collection method influences the description of the social structure of a group is thus essential to assess the reliability of social studies based on different types of data. This is however rarely feasible, especially for animal groups, where data collection is often challenging. Here, we address this issue by comparing datasets of interactions between primates collected through two different methods: behavioral observations and wearable proximity sensors. We show that, although many directly observed interactions are not detected by the sensors, the global pictures obtained when aggregating the data to build interaction networks turn out to be remarkably similar. Sensors data yield moreover a reliable social network already over short timescales and can be used for long term campaigns, showing their important potential for detailed studies of the evolution of animal social groups

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 012 :Resistance aux antibiotiques. Lysotypes et pyocinotypes de souches hospitalieres

The susceptibility to various antibiotics (penicillins :carbenicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin ;cephalosporins :cefotaxime, cefsulodin, ceftazidime ;aminoglycosides :amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin ;colistin) of 462 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa of serological group 012 from 6 Belgian hospitals (period 1984-1985) has been investigated. Each hospital has used its particular series of antibiotics either by agar diffusion (all hospitals except Liege) or by dilution in microplates (Liege). The 1984-1985 series of isolates, extended to 1986 and completed with some strains from three other Brussels hospitals, was also tested for phage type and pyocin type. Whereas variation of resistance frequency is observed between the different hospitals when antibiotics are considered separately, an overall marked proportion (80 %) of wide antibiotic resistance among 012 strains appears everywhere. A vast majority of our 012 isolates are also characterized by only a few possibility related phage and pyocin types, thus presenting themselves as a fairly homogeneous group. © 1989.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Marked increase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 012 in Belgium since 1982.

Routine typing was performed on a total of 7089 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in 16 Belgian hospitals in the period from 1977 to 1986. The annual number of strains received ranged from 318 to 1346. The incidence of serotype O:12 was less than 2% until 1981 when it rose to 4%, steadily increasing to become the predominant serotype in 1984 (22%), 1985 (18%) and 1986 (22%). Since 1980 the O:12 isolates have exhibited characteristic patterns on pyocin and phage typing, 89% of O:12 isolates belonging to pyocin types 1, 39, 43, 45 or 105, whereas only 51% of isolates of other serotypes belonged to those pyocin types. Ninety-three per cent of serotype O:12 isolates belonged to phage types 68/119x, 68 or 119x, or were non-typable, whereas only 24.37% of other serotypes isolates exhibited these phage patterns. These distinctive patterns of pyocin and phage types suggest a high degree of homogeneity within the O:12 strains isolated in recent years in Belgium. Multi-centre or country-wide survey of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in hospitals using epidemiological markers may be of value in identifying a sudden increase in epidemic strains.Journal ArticleSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Added value of functional neuroimaging to assess decision-making capacity of older adults with neurocognitive disorders: protocol for a prospective, monocentric, single-arm study (IMAGISION)

International audienceIntroduction Assessment of decision-making capacity (DMC) is essential in daily life as well as for defining a person-centred care plan. Nevertheless, in ageing, especially if signs of dementia appear, it becomes difficult to assess decision-making ability and raises ethical questions. Currently, the assessment of DMC is based on the clinician’s evaluation, completed by neuropsychological tests. Functional MRI (fMRI) could bring added value to the diagnosis of DMC in difficult situations. Methods and analysis IMAGISION is a prospective, monocentric, single-arm study evaluating fMRI compared with clinical assessment of DMC. The study will begin during Fall 2021 and should be completed by Spring 2023. Participants will be recruited from a memory clinic where they will come for an assessment of their cognitive abilities due to decision-making needs to support ageing in place. They will be older people over 70 years of age, living at home, presenting with a diagnosis of mild dementia, and no exclusion criteria of MRI. They will be clinically assessed by a geriatrician on their DMC, based on the neuropsychological tests usually performed. Participants will then perform a behavioural task in fMRI (Balloon Analogue Risk Task) to analyse the activation areas. Additional semistructured interviews will be conducted to explore real life implications. The main analysis will study concordance/discordance between the clinical classification and the activation of fMRI regions of interest. Reclassification as ‘capable’, based on fMRI, of patients for whom clinical diagnosis is ‘questionable’ will be considered as a diagnostic gain. Ethics and dissemination IMAGISION has been authorised by a research ethics board (Comité de Protection des Personnes, Bordeaux, II) in France, in accordance with French legislation on interventional biomedical research, under the reference IDRCB number 2019-A00863-54, since 30 September 2020. Participants will sign an informed consent form. The results of the study will be presented in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, international scientific conferences and public lectures. Trial registration number NCT03931148NCT03931148

Biallelic PPA2 Mutations Cause Sudden Unexpected Cardiac Arrest in Infancy

International audienceSudden unexpected death in infancy occurs in apparently healthy infants and remains largely unexplained despite thorough investigation. The vast majority of cases are sporadic. Here we report seven individuals from three families affected by sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest between 4 and 20 months of age. Whole-exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous missense mutations in PPA2 in affected infants of each family. PPA2 encodes the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase, which hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate into two phosphates. This is an essential activity for many biosynthetic reactions and for energy metabolism of the cell. We show that deletion of the orthologous gene in yeast (ppa2Δ) compromises cell viability due to the loss of mitochondria. Expression of wild-type human PPA2, but not PPA2 containing the mutations identified in affected individuals, preserves mitochondrial function in ppa2Δ yeast. Using a regulatable (doxycycline-repressible) gene expression system, we found that the pathogenic PPA2 mutations rapidly inactivate the mitochondrial energy transducing system and prevent the maintenance of a sufficient electrical potential across the inner membrane, which explains the subsequent disappearance of mitochondria from the mutant yeast cells. Altogether these data demonstrate that PPA2 is an essential gene in yeast and that biallelic mutations in PPA2 cause a mitochondrial disease leading to sudden cardiac arrest in infants

Giono dans sa culture

Longtemps catalogué comme « romancier de la nature », c’est en écrivain de grande culture que Giono apparaît davantage aujourd’hui, sans que soit oublié pour autant son rapport privilégié au cosmos. Une compréhension plus complète de l’œuvre, une meilleure connaissance de sa genèse ont révélé l’étendue et la diversité des lectures que l’écriture gionienne met en jeu. De l’Antiquité à la modernité, de l’Amérique à l’Extrême-Orient, le champ est immense d’une culture qui s’est construite hors des institutions, dans le pur plaisir de lire, au gré des curiosités, des amitiés, des épreuves, des exigences de la création, et dont témoigne encore aujourd’hui la vaste bibliothèque du Paraïs à Manosque. Si l’on ajoute à cette passion de l’imprimé un goût profond pour la musique et la peinture, un intérêt certain pour le cinéma et la photographie, on mesure l’ampleur de la tâche à laquelle sont confrontés les chercheurs soucieux d’éclairer la relation de Giono à sa culture. Premier ouvrage collectif entièrement consacré à cette problématique, les Actes du colloque international de Perpignan et Montpellier apportent une riche contribution à la connaissance du dialogue exceptionnel qui se noue, dans le mouvement de la création, entre l’un des grands romanciers français du XXe siècle et la culture universelle

Women and health professionals’ perspectives on a conditional cash transfer programme to improve pregnancy follow-up: a qualitative analysis of the NAITRE randomised controlled study

Objectives Women of low socioeconomic status have been described as having suboptimal prenatal care, which in turn has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Many types of conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes have been developed, including programmes to improve prenatal care or smoking cessation during pregnancy, and their effects demonstrated. However, ethical critiques have included paternalism and lack of informed choice. Our objective was to determine if women and healthcare professionals (HPs) shared these concerns.Design Prospective qualitative research.Setting We included economically disadvantaged women, as defined by health insurance data, who participated in the French NAITRE randomised trial assessing a CCT programme during prenatal follow-up to improve pregnancy outcomes. The HP worked in some maternities participating in this trial.Participants 26 women, 14 who received CCT and 12 who did not, mostly unemployed (20/26), and - 7 HPs.Interventions We conducted a multicentre cross-sectional qualitative study among women and HPs who participated in the NAITRE Study to assess their views on CCT. The women were interviewed after childbirth.Results Women did not perceive CCT negatively. They did not mention feeling stigmatised. They described CCT as a significant source of aid for women with limited financial resources. HP described the CCT in less positive terms, for example, expressing concern about discussing cash transfer at their first medical consultation with women. Though they emphasised ethical concerns about the basis of the trial, they recognised the importance of evaluating CCT.Conclusions In France, a high-income country where prenatal follow-up is free, HPs were concerned that the CCT programme would change their relationship with patients and wondered if it was the best use of funding. However, women who received a cash incentive said they did not feel stigmatised and indicated that these payments helped them prepare for their baby’s birth.Trial registration number NCT0240285