Preliminary results of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 optical investigation of aerosol in the atmosphere of Venus at 30-60 KM

Aerosol concentration profiles were measured by an aerosol spectrometer above the landing sites of the Vega 1 and Vega 2 landers. Approximately the same altitude zones were found as in previous experiments: a three-layered basic cloud cover, an intermediate zone and subcloud haze. There were significant quantitative differences in the concentrations of particles, however, and especially in the spectra of their dimensions. Nightglow was found in the troposphere of Venus at a wavelength of about 1 micron. The backscatter coefficient and the extinction coefficient change very little between 32 and 63 km. Large numbers of submicron particles apparently exist in the atmosphere above the landing sites

Preliminary results of study of infrared spectra of Venus from the orbital spacecraft Venera-9 and Venera-10

The infrared spectrum of Venus in the spectral range 1.6 to 2.8 was measured by means of the spectrometers aboard 'Venera-9' and 'Venera-10' orbital spacecrafts. Approximately 20 series of measurements were made near the pericenter of the orbit, each of which contains 150 spectra for each path intersecting the planet from the terminator to the limb. Phase angles lie within the limits from 60 to 120 deg

The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) onboard the European Mars Express mission

International audience; The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the Mars Express mission is an infrared spectrometer optimised for atmospheric studies. This instrument has a short wave (SW) channel that covers the spectral range from 1700 to 8200.0cm-1 (1.2- 5.5mum) and a long-wave (LW) channel that covers 250- 1700cm-1 (5.5- 45mum). Both channels have a uniform spectral resolution of 1.3cm-1. The instrument field of view FOV is about 1.6o (FWHM) for the Short Wavelength channel (SW) and 2.8o (FWHM) for the Long Wavelength channel (LW) which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 7 and 12 km when Mars is observed from an height of 250 km. PFS can provide unique data necessary to improve our knowledge not only of the atmosphere properties but also about mineralogical composition of the surface and the surface-atmosphere interaction. The SW channel uses a PbSe detector cooled to 200-220 K while the LW channel is based on a pyroelectric ( LiTaO3) detector working at room temperature. The intensity of the interferogram is measured every 150 nm of physical mirrors displacement, corresponding to 600 nm optical path difference, by using a laser diode monochromatic light interferogram (a sine wave), whose zero crossings control the double pendulum motion. PFS works primarily around the pericentre of the orbit, only occasionally observing Mars from large distances. Each measurements take 4 s, with a repetition time of 8.5 s. By working roughly 0.6 h around pericentre, a total of 330 measurements per orbit will be acquired 270 looking at Mars and 60 for calibrations. PFS is able to take measurements at all local times, facilitating the retrieval of surface temperatures and atmospheric vertical temperature profiles on both the day and the night side

Психологические детерминанты адаптированности в вузе студентов-первокурсников медицинского факультета в период пандемии COVID-19

Abstract: Introduction. The successful adaptation of university students determines their participation in educational activities, their effectiveness, and a positive attitude toward the chosen profession. The novelty of the research is to study the adaptability of students in the transition to new, often unusual, forms of education (online, distance) against the backdrop of an increase in the general level of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such difficulties significantly affected students of medical specialities, the development of which implies the formation of competencies in practical activities. Methods. The study involved students of medical (N = 93) and economic (control group, N = 111) faculties. The following methods were used: “Method of Research of Students Adaptability in the Higher Educational Establishment” by T. D. Dubovitskaya, A. V. Krylova, “The Satisfaction with Life Scale” by E. Diener, “Test of neuropsychic adaptation” by I. N. Gurvich, “Educational strategies” by S. N. Kostromina, T. A. Dvornikova, “Students’ educational motivation diagnostic inventory” by N. C. Badmaeva, “The Big Five Inventory” adapted by D. P. Yanichev, “The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)” adapted by A. P. Bizyuk et al. (Part 2). Results and Discussion. The psychological characteristics of the Faculty of Medicine first-year students, contributing to the adaptability at the university during the COVID-19 pandemic, include a high level of extraversion, willingness to cooperate, the presence of professional motives for learning and motivation to achieve success, a high level of neuropsychic adaptation, orientation to memorizing educational material and a disinclination to planning educational activities. For students of the Faculty of Economics, such predictors were a great life satisfaction, a high level of extraversion, a low level of anxiety, motives for creative self–realization and a desire for planning in training. Students of the Faculty of Medicine with a high level of adaptability, in comparison with highly adapted students of the Faculty of Economics, have more pronounced professional motives and more often resort to the strategy of repeating educational material. Such differences may be due to both the peculiarities of the organization of the educational process and the specifics of the chosen speciality.Введение. Успешная адаптация студентов в университете обуславливает вовлеченность в учебную деятельность, ее эффективность, положительное отношение к выбранной профессии. Новизной исследования является изучение адаптированности студентов в ситуации перехода на новые, зачастую непривычные, формы обучения (онлайн, дистанционная) на фоне повышения общего уровня тревожности в период пандемии COVID-19. Такие трудности особенно затронули студентов медицинских специальностей, освоение которых подразумевает формирование компетенций в практической деятельности. Методы. В исследовании приняли участие студенты медицинского (N = 93) и экономического (контрольная группа, N = 111) факультетов. Были использованы следующие методики: «Адаптированность студентов в вузе» Т. Д. Дубовицкой, А. В. Крыловой, «Удовлетворенность жизнью» Э. Динера, «Тест нервно-психической адаптации» И. Н. Гурвича, «Учебные стратегии» С. Н. Костроминой, Т. А. Дворниковой, «Методика для диагностики учебной мотивации студентов» Н. Ц. Бадмаевой, «Большая пятерка» Д. П. Яничева, «Интегративный тест тревожности» А. П. Бизюка с соавт. (2 часть). Результаты и их обсуждение. К психологическим особенностям студентов первого курса медицинского факультета, способствующим адаптированности в вузе в период пандемии COVID-19, относятся: высокий уровень экстраверсии, готовность к сотрудничеству, наличие профессиональных мотивов учебной деятельности и мотивации достижения успеха, высокий уровень нервно-психической адаптации, ориентация на запоминание учебного материала и несклонность к планированию учебной деятельности. У студентов экономического факультета – это удовлетворенность жизнью, высокий уровень экстраверсии, низкий уровень тревожности, мотивы творческой самореализации и стремление к планированию в обучении. Студенты медицинского факультета с высоким уровнем адаптированности, по сравнению с высоко адаптированными студентами экономического факультета, имеют более выраженные профессиональные мотивы и чаще прибегают к стратегии повторения учебного материала. Такие различия могут быть обусловлены как особенностями организации образовательного процесса, так и спецификой выбранной специальности

Active Spectrometry of the Ultraviolet Absorption Within the Venus Atmosphere

International audienc

Results of Measurements with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express : Clouds and Dust at the End of Southern Summer. A Comparison with OMEGA Images

reserved25mixedL.V. Zasova, V. Formisano, V.I. Moroz, J.-P. Bibring, D. Grassi, N.I. Ignatiev, M. Giuranna, G. Bellucci, F. Altieri, M. Blecka, V.N. Gnedykh, A.V. Grigoriev, E. Lellouch, A. Mattana, A. Maturilli, B.E. Moshkin, Yu.V. Nikolsky, D.V. Patsaev, G. Piccioni, M. Ratai, B. Saggin, S. Fonti, I.V. Khatuntsev, H. Hirsh, A.P. EkonomovZasova, L. V.; Formisano, V.; Moroz, V. I.; Bibring, J. -P.; Grassi, D.; Ignatiev, N. I.; Giuranna, M.; Bellucci, G.; Altieri, F.; Blecka, M.; Gnedykh, V. N.; Grigoriev, A. V.; Lellouch, E.; Mattana, A.; Maturilli, A.; Moshkin, B. E.; Nikolsky, Yu. V.; Patsaev, D. V.; Piccioni, G.; Ratai, M.; Saggin, B.; Fonti, S.; Khatuntsev, I. V.; Hirsh, H.; Ekonomov, A. P

Results of measurements with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express: Clouds and dust at the end of southern summer. A comparison with OMEGA images

International audienceWe discuss the results of measurements made with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) onboard the Mars Express spacecraft. The data were obtained in the beginning of the mission and correspond to the end of summer in the southern hemisphere of Mars ( L s ˜ 340°). Three orbits are considered, two of which passed through volcanoes Olympus and Ascraeus Mons (the height above the surface is about +20 km), while the third orbit intersects lowland Hellas (-7 km). The influence of the relief on the properties of the aerosol observed is demonstrated: clouds of water ice with a visual optical thickness of 0.1-0.5 were observed above volcanoes, while only dust was found during the observations (close in time) along the orbit passing through Hellas in low and middle latitudes. This dust is homogeneously mixed with gas and has a reduced optical thickness of 0.25±0.05 (at v = 1100 cm-1). In addition to orographic clouds, ice clouds were observed in this season in the northern polar region. The clouds seen in the images obtained simultaneously by the mapping spectrometer OMEGA confirm the PFS results. Temperature inversion is discovered in the north polar hood below the level 1 mbar with a temperature maximum at about 0.6 mbar. This inversion is associated with descending movements in the Hadley cell

The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) onboard the European Mars Express mission

International audienceThe Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the Mars Express mission is an infrared spectrometer optimised for atmospheric studies. This instrument has a short wave (SW) channel that covers the spectral range from 1700 to 8200.0cm-1 (1.2- 5.5mum) and a long-wave (LW) channel that covers 250- 1700cm-1 (5.5- 45mum). Both channels have a uniform spectral resolution of 1.3cm-1. The instrument field of view FOV is about 1.6o (FWHM) for the Short Wavelength channel (SW) and 2.8o (FWHM) for the Long Wavelength channel (LW) which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 7 and 12 km when Mars is observed from an height of 250 km. PFS can provide unique data necessary to improve our knowledge not only of the atmosphere properties but also about mineralogical composition of the surface and the surface-atmosphere interaction. The SW channel uses a PbSe detector cooled to 200-220 K while the LW channel is based on a pyroelectric ( LiTaO3) detector working at room temperature. The intensity of the interferogram is measured every 150 nm of physical mirrors displacement, corresponding to 600 nm optical path difference, by using a laser diode monochromatic light interferogram (a sine wave), whose zero crossings control the double pendulum motion. PFS works primarily around the pericentre of the orbit, only occasionally observing Mars from large distances. Each measurements take 4 s, with a repetition time of 8.5 s. By working roughly 0.6 h around pericentre, a total of 330 measurements per orbit will be acquired 270 looking at Mars and 60 for calibrations. PFS is able to take measurements at all local times, facilitating the retrieval of surface temperatures and atmospheric vertical temperature profiles on both the day and the night side