42 research outputs found
Challenges of post Cold War democratization and Serbia's position between Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ 1990. Π΄ΠΎ 2020. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π£Π½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ 1990. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£Π·ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, 5. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° 2000. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ 2012. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ 2012. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ.
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π£ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π₯Π°Π³Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.The subject of research in this study concerns the challenges of post-Cold War democratization in the context of Serbia's geopolitical position between Euro-Atlantism and Neo-Eurasianism. The research starts from the assumption that the process of democratization and the dynamics of political modernization in Serbia from 1990 to 2020 reflects the intertwining of the interests of Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism. Therefore, the goal of the paper is an argumentative explanation of the cause-and-effect relationships of external and internal factors, that is, the process of democratization and geopolitical competition between Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism on the territory of Serbia.
The internal aspect of the analysis concerns the post-Cold War democratization of Serbia, which formally established a multi-party system in 1990, but authoritarian democracy was in force. The reasons for the survival of the authoritarian regime also present challenges to the democratic changes in Serbia, which took place one decade later, on October 5, 2000. From then until 2012, the modernization of state and social capacities and the rise of democracy were noted. However, democratization as a non-linear process experienced a crisis and weakened again after 2012, due to the complex political and geopolitical circumstances faced by the political and social actors of the democratic transition in Serbia.
The external aspect of the research concerns the foreign policy factors that were reflected in the processes of democratization and modernization of Serbia. In the context of the post-Cold War global transition from bipolarism to unipolarism, Serbia faced economic, political, diplomatic and military interventions, which made its foreign policy position difficult and limited its internal political modernization capacities. A more favorable position was recorded after the democratic changes, since the country came out of political and economic isolation, but, at the same time, faced new challenges such as the issue of European integration, the status of Kosovo and Metohija, and the cooperation with the court in Hague. The aforementioned issues polarized the political scene of Serbia between Europragmatics and Eurosceptics, so that, after the activation of Russian diplomacy in the context of solving the Kosovo-Metohija issue, there would be a confrontation between Euro-Atlanticism and neo-Eurasianism in this area with implications for the dynamics of the democratization and modernization process
Synthesis of Macrolide Antibiotics. IV. Stereoselective Syntheses of the 3-O-Methyl and the 11-O-Methyl Derivatives of the C(1)-C(6) Segment of Erythronolides A and B and the C(9)-C(15) Segment of Erythronolide A, Respectively
By appropriate dissection of the macrocyclic lactone ring of
methymycin erythromycins A and B, picromycin and narbomycin,
carbohydrate-like structural segments were obtained. The finding
that the anomeric configuration of a glycopyranoside effectively
controls the stereochemistry of various addition reactions to sp\u27
(C=O and C=C) carbon atoms of a glycopranoside ring led to the
development of a general stereoselective approach for the synthesis
of the chiral carbon framework of the polyoxomacrolide aglycones of methymycin, erythromycin A and B, picromycin and narbomycin. Stereoselective synthesis of methyl 2,4,7-trideoxy-2-C, 3-0, 4-C-tri-methyl-~-L-ido-heptopyranosid-6-ulose and methyl 2,6,7-trideoxy-2-C, 3-0, 4-C-trimethyl-a-D-glucoheptopyranoside, representing the 3-0-methyl and the 11-0-methyl derivatives of the C(1)-C(6) segment of erythronolides A and B and the C(9)-C(15) segment of erythronolide A, respectively, is described
Energy-sector investments and legal (un)certainty
ΠΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ. Π£ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ
Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° (international investment law). ΠΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°
Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ
ΡΠ·Π². βΠΏΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈβ (creeping expropriation) ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π³Π° Π½Π°Π»Π°Π·ΠΈ Ρ Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ
Π±ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°. Π¦ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°
Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΌΠ°.Investments in the energy sector are of crucial importance for the functioning of
modern states and societies. The aftermath of World War II was marked by a new phase in
relations between states, which was also reflected in intensified energy relations and
cooperation. Investments in the energy market were an inevitable segment of such
cooperation. Along with that, there is also the development of a set of rules that regulate
relations between foreign investors and host countries in which investments are made, i.e.,
international investment law. From the initial risks related to the direct expropriation of the
property of foreign investors, more and more attention was paid to the so-called "creeping"
expropriation and other violations of investors' rights. The basis for the protection of the
rights of foreign investors is primarily found in numerous bilateral and regional agreements
on the protection of foreign investments, but also in other sources of law. The aim of the
paper is to point out some contemporary challenges regarding the protection of investments
and the position of investors in the energy market, especially in the context of radical
changes taking place in the energy sector, as part of the energy transition process but also Π°s
a result of contemporary political relations between states
Challenges of post Cold War democratization and Serbia's position between Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ 1990. Π΄ΠΎ 2020. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π£Π½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ 1990. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ½Π°Π·ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π£Π·ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, 5. ΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ° 2000. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ 2012. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ 2012. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈ.
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π£ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡ
Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π₯Π°Π³Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.The subject of research in this study concerns the challenges of post-Cold War democratization in the context of Serbia's geopolitical position between Euro-Atlantism and Neo-Eurasianism. The research starts from the assumption that the process of democratization and the dynamics of political modernization in Serbia from 1990 to 2020 reflects the intertwining of the interests of Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism. Therefore, the goal of the paper is an argumentative explanation of the cause-and-effect relationships of external and internal factors, that is, the process of democratization and geopolitical competition between Euro-Atlanticism and Neo-Eurasianism on the territory of Serbia.
The internal aspect of the analysis concerns the post-Cold War democratization of Serbia, which formally established a multi-party system in 1990, but authoritarian democracy was in force. The reasons for the survival of the authoritarian regime also present challenges to the democratic changes in Serbia, which took place one decade later, on October 5, 2000. From then until 2012, the modernization of state and social capacities and the rise of democracy were noted. However, democratization as a non-linear process experienced a crisis and weakened again after 2012, due to the complex political and geopolitical circumstances faced by the political and social actors of the democratic transition in Serbia.
The external aspect of the research concerns the foreign policy factors that were reflected in the processes of democratization and modernization of Serbia. In the context of the post-Cold War global transition from bipolarism to unipolarism, Serbia faced economic, political, diplomatic and military interventions, which made its foreign policy position difficult and limited its internal political modernization capacities. A more favorable position was recorded after the democratic changes, since the country came out of political and economic isolation, but, at the same time, faced new challenges such as the issue of European integration, the status of Kosovo and Metohija, and the cooperation with the court in Hague. The aforementioned issues polarized the political scene of Serbia between Europragmatics and Eurosceptics, so that, after the activation of Russian diplomacy in the context of solving the Kosovo-Metohija issue, there would be a confrontation between Euro-Atlanticism and neo-Eurasianism in this area with implications for the dynamics of the democratization and modernization process
The use of artificial intelligence in the Russo-Ukrainian war
The Russo-Ukrainian conflict, with its geopolitical importance, goes beyond regional borders, which is why it is inevitable that we talk about it as a conflict of global proportions. The direct and/or indirect involvement of numerous countries of the world in this conflict, especially in the form of military-technical, technological, economic and economic involvement, confirms the above. The focus of our work is the military-technical aspect, i.e., the use of artificial intelligence and its importance for the present and future of warfare. In the first part of the work, artificial intelligence is conceptually defined, and then the use of artificial intelligence in the military industry is elaborated, as well as its importance in changing the conventional way of warfare. Finally, the authors deal with the use of artificial intelligence in the Ukrainian war, in order to point to a new form of arms race
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Macrolide Antibiotics. Part 4. Stereoselective Syntheses of the 3-O-Methyl and the 11-O-Methyl Derivatives of the C(1)-C(6) Segment of Erythronolides A and B and the C(9)-C(15) Segment of Erythronolide A, Respectively.
By appropriate dissection of the macrocyclic lactone ring of
methymycin erythromycins A and B, picromycin and narbomycin,
carbohydrate-like structural segments were obtained. The finding
that the anomeric configuration of a glycopyranoside effectively
controls the stereochemistry of various addition reactions to sp\u27
(C=O and C=C) carbon atoms of a glycopranoside ring led to the
development of a general stereoselective approach for the synthesis
of the chiral carbon framework of the polyoxomacrolide aglycones of methymycin, erythromycin A and B, picromycin and narbomycin. Stereoselective synthesis of methyl 2,4,7-trideoxy-2-C, 3-0, 4-C-tri-methyl-~-L-ido-heptopyranosid-6-ulose and methyl 2,6,7-trideoxy-2-C, 3-0, 4-C-trimethyl-a-D-glucoheptopyranoside, representing the 3-0-methyl and the 11-0-methyl derivatives of the C(1)-C(6) segment of erythronolides A and B and the C(9)-C(15) segment of erythronolide A, respectively, is described
A pool of nonpolysomal globin mRNAs in globin deficient reticulocytes of the anemic Belgrade rat
In anemia of the Belgrade rat ( b b) reticulocytes contain less than half of the normal amount of mRNA for seven adult rat globin chains. cDNA hybridization measurements of the relative sizes of polysomal and nonpolysomal pools of globin mRNAs in these cells show that 45% of all globin mRNA molecules are not used at any given time in protein synthesis. This implies a translational control which ensures a production of globin chains in a correct ratio despite a severe mRNA unbalance