Neurohormonal Activation in Cardiorenal Syndrome

Cardiac and renal functioning are highly related as each system is interdependent on the other, and subsequently, dysfunction of one system can potentiate the development of dysfunction of the other, a conditioned referred to as Cardiorenal Syndrome, or CRS. (Scully & Goldsmith, 2013). In CRS, heart failure and renal failure exist together. Heart failure is the result of decreased heart efficiency and results in hemodynamic and neurohormonal changes (Nicholson, 2014). A decrease in cardiac function and cause dysfunction of other body systems, including the renal system, and at the same time, impaired renal functioning can result in increased fluid retention and increased systemic vascular resistance and can prove to be detrimental to cardiac function. According to Giam, et al., (2015), the prevalence of heart failure is expected to rise nearly 46% from 2012 to 2030 secondary to the increase in obesity and associated comorbid conditions. With the prevalence of heart failure expected to rise drastically, renal dysfunction associated with heart failure is expected to rise as well, with heart failure being responsible for nearly 44% of deaths in patients with end-stage renal disease (Giam, et al., 2015)

Models of the Knee in the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays

The origin of the knee in the energy spectrum of cosmic rays is an outstanding problem in astroparticle physics. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain the structure in the all-particle spectrum. In the article basic ideas of several models are summarized, including diffusive acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts, acceleration via cannonballs, leakage from the Galaxy, interactions with background particles in the interstellar medium, as well as new high-energy interactions in the atmosphere. The calculated energy spectra and mean logarithmic masses are compiled and compared to results from direct and indirect measurements.Comment: 30 pages, 20 figures accepted by Astroparticle Physics captions of figures 1-3 clarified, references adde

Models for the Origin of the Knee in the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum

A sudden steepening of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum (the knee) is observed at an energy of about 3 PeV (1 PeV = $10^{15}$ eV). The experimental study of the PeV cosmic rays has intensified greatly during the last 3 years. The recent results on extensive air showers allow us to conclude that: a) the knee has an astrophysical origin; b) the `sharpness' and the fine structure of the knee rule out `Galactic Modulation' as the origin of the knee; c) most likely the knee is the result of the explosion of a single, recent, nearby supernova.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Advances in Space Researc

The KASCADE-Grande Experiment and the LOPES Project

KASCADE-Grande is the extension of the multi-detector setup KASCADE to cover a primary cosmic ray energy range from 100 TeV to 1 EeV. The enlarged EAS experiment provides comprehensive observations of cosmic rays in the energy region around the knee. Grande is an array of 700 x 700 sqm equipped with 37 plastic scintillator stations sensitive to measure energy deposits and arrival times of air shower particles. LOPES is a small radio antenna array to operate in conjunction with KASCADE-Grande in order to calibrate the radio emission from cosmic ray air showers. Status and capabilities of the KASCADE-Grande experiment and the LOPES project are presented.Comment: To appear in Nuclear Physics B, Proceedings Supplements, as part of the volume for the CRIS 2004, Cosmic Ray International Seminar: GZK and Surrounding

Results from the KASCADE, KASCADE-Grande, and LOPES experiments

The origin of high-energy cosmic rays in the energy range from 10^14 to 10^18 eV is explored with the KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande experiments. Radio signals from air showers are measured with the LOPES experiment. An overview on results is given.Comment: Talk at The ninth International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, TAUP 2005, Zaragoza, September 10-14, 200

First results of the air shower experiment KASCADE

The main goals of the KASCADE (KArlsruhe Shower Core and Array DEtector) experiment are the determination of the energy spectrum and elemental composition of the charged cosmic rays in the energy range around the knee at ca. 5 PeV. Due to the large number of measured observables per single shower a variety of different approaches are applied to the data, preferably on an event-by-event basis. First results are presented and the influence of the high-energy interaction models underlying the analyses is discussed.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures included, to appear in the TAUP 99 Proceedings, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), ed. by M. Froissart, J. Dumarchez and D. Vignau

2008-2009 President\u27s Report

The Linfield College President\u27s Annual Report is a collection of information about the year in review, including academics, student life and athletics, enrollment, finances, philanthropy, and leadership

Large scale cosmic-ray anisotropy with KASCADE

The results of an analysis of the large scale anisotropy of cosmic rays in the PeV range are presented. The Rayleigh formalism is applied to the right ascension distribution of extensive air showers measured by the KASCADE experiment.The data set contains about 10^8 extensive air showers in the energy range from 0.7 to 6 PeV. No hints for anisotropy are visible in the right ascension distributions in this energy range. This accounts for all showers as well as for subsets containing showers induced by predominantly light respectively heavy primary particles. Upper flux limits for Rayleigh amplitudes are determined to be between 10^-3 at 0.7 PeV and 10^-2 at 6 PeV primary energy.Comment: accepted by The Astrophysical Journa