A íntima dependência mútua entre fato e valor

Resumo O texto de Ettema e Glasser discute as formas de seleção das informações e produção das histórias jornalísticas. A questão central, para os autores, é o que significa dizer que as reportagens jornalísticas são verdadeiras. Em outras palavras, a que critérios e valores correspondem as histórias que são vistas como verdadeiras. Essa análise é parte da discussão sobre a relação entre valores e fatos no jornalismo. A objetividade é vista como um dispositivo que legitima determinados discursos e permite apresentar julgamentos como fatos. Resulta de acordos quanto aos valores que constituem as premissas dos julgamentos. Os padrões morais que estão na base da produção do noticiário transformam-se em fatos que podem, então, ser reportados com distanciamento. Palavras-chave: jornalismo; objetividade; padrões morais; seleção das informações; verdade. Abstract This text discusses the forms of selection of information and production of news stories. For its authors, the central question in this respect is what it means to say that news reports are true. In other words, what are the criteria and values corresponding to stories seen as true. The analysis is part of the wider discussion on the relationships of values to facts in journalism. Objectivity is seen as a device to legitimate some discourses and allows for the presentation of opinions as facts. It results from negotiations about the values that are the assumptions of opinions. Moral standards that are at the foundations of news productions become facts that may, then, be reported with exemption. Key words: journalism; objectivity; moral standards; information selection; truth

Alite calcium sulfoaluminate cement: chemistry and thermodynamics

Calcium sulfoaluminate (C$A) cement is a binder of increasing interest to the cement industry and is undergoing rapid development. Current formulations do not contain alite; however, alite calcium sulfoaluminate (a-C$A) cements can combine the favourable characteristics of Portland cement (PC) with those of C$A cement while also having a lower carbon dioxide footprint than the current generation of PC clinkers. This paper presents two results on the formation of a-C$A clinkers. The first is a thermodynamic study demonstrating that the production of a-C$A clinker is possible without the use of mineralisers, doping with foreign elements, or using multiple stages of heating. It is established that a-C$A clinker can be readily produced in a standard process by controlling the oxygen and sulfur dioxide fugacity in the atmosphere. This allows for the stabilisation of ye’elimite to the higher temperatures required for alite stability. The second result establishes that when using fluorine to mineralise a-C$A clinker production, the iron content in the clinker is also an important variable. Although the exact mechanism of alite stabilisation is not known, it is shown that alite formation increases with the combination of calcium fluoride and iron (III) oxide in the mix

Enthalpy of formation of ye’elimite and ternesite

Calcium sulfoaluminate clinkers containing ye’elimite (Ca4Al6O12(SO4)) and ternesite (Ca5(SiO4)2SO4) are being widely investigated as components of calcium sulfoaluminate cement clinkers. These may become low energy replacements for Portland cement. Conditional thermodynamic data for ye’elimite and ternesite (enthalpy of formation) have been determined experimentally using a combination of techniques: isothermal conduction calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The enthalpies of formation of ye’elimite and ternesite at 25 °C were determined to be − 8523 and − 5993 kJ mol−1, respectively

Estimation of standard molar entropy of cement hydrates and clinker minerals

It is not straightforward to experimentally measure the standard molar entropy of cement hydrates or clinker minerals. This is further compounded by the controversies surrounding the entropy values reported in established thermodynamic datasets for cements. The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of standard entropies compiled in those datasets. To this end, a simple but robust method is used in which the standard entropy of an inorganic solid is correlated to its formula unit volume via a linear equation. The results of this analysis show that the standard entropies and/or molar volumes (and in cases solubility products) of the following phases deserve closer scrutiny: meta-ettringite phases; magnesium/aluminium layered double hydroxide solid solutions; almost all iron-bearing monosulfate and hydrogarnet phases; and several calcium silicate hydrate solid solution end-members. In addition, this study reports the provisional estimates for the standard entropies of minerals ternesite and ye'elimite

Empirical Legal Studies Before 1940: A Bibliographic Essay

The modern empirical legal studies movement has well-known antecedents in the law and society and law and economics traditions of the latter half of the 20th century. Less well known is the body of empirical research on legal phenomena from the period prior to World War II. This paper is an extensive bibliographic essay that surveys the English language empirical legal research from approximately 1940 and earlier. The essay is arranged around the themes in the research: criminal justice, civil justice (general studies of civil litigation, auto accident litigation and compensation, divorce, small claims, jurisdiction and procedure, civil juries), debt and bankruptcy, banking, appellate courts, legal needs, legal profession (including legal education), and judicial staffing and selection. Accompanying the essay is an extensive bibliography of research articles, books, and reports