Novel event classification based on spectral analysis of scintillation waveforms in Double Chooz

Liquid scintillators are a common choice for neutrino physics experiments, but their capabilities to perform background rejection by scintillation pulse shape discrimination is generally limited in large detectors. This paper describes a novel approach for a pulse shape based event classification developed in the context of the Double Chooz reactor antineutrino experiment. Unlike previous implementations, this method uses the Fourier power spectra of the scintillation pulse shapes to obtain event-wise information. A classification variable built from spectral information was able to achieve an unprecedented performance, despite the lack of optimization at the detector design level. Several examples of event classification are provided, ranging from differentiation between the detector volumes and an efficient rejection of instrumental light noise, to some sensitivity to the particle type, such as stopping muons, ortho-positronium formation, alpha particles as well as electrons and positrons. In combination with other techniques the method is expected to allow for a versatile and more efficient background rejection in the future, especially if detector optimization is taken into account at the design level

Potentiel d'adaptation des lombricidés aux pollutions environnementales résiduelles établies en paysage agricole : mécanismes en jeu et coûts à l'écosystème

I dette arbejde blev der forsket i om langsigtet residualforurening af landbrugsjord fører til pesticidadaptation hos regnorme. Forskningen sigtede også efter at identificere adaptations-omkostningerne fra individ- til populationsniveau, og konsekvenserne for økosystemet. Pesticiders residualforurening blev vurderet og sammenlignet i; tre konventionelt styrede marker (klassificeret efter evaluering af pesticid-anvendelser som ”højt-”, ”medium-”, og ”lav-input”), en mark styret ud fra økologiske betingelser, og et økologisk permanent græsningsareal, alle havde været styret på denne måde i mere end 20 år. Ved hjælp af en vand-ekstraktionsmetode blev 6,8 og 4 pesticidresiduums udvundet i henholdsvis ”høj-”, ”medium-”, og ”lav-input” markerne, og næsten ingen pesticider blev detekteret i jorden fra den økologiske mark bortset fra lave niveauer af resterende (højst sandsynligt 20 år gammelt) atrazin. Regnorms-populationerne Aporrectodea caliginosa og Allolobophora chlorotica blev fundet i alle fem marker, bortset fra A. chlorotica som ikke var til stede i den økologiske mark. Adaptationsstrategier blev undersøgt ved at sammenligne populationerne af disse regnorme de forskellige marker imellem ifølge flere parametre i felt- og laboratoriebedømmelserne. De målte parametre rangerede fra molekylære- (biotransformation og antioxiderende enzymer), biokemiske- (primære energiressourcer), og metaboliske- (respirationsrate, metabolomics) niveauer, til individuelle- (vægt, længde) og populations-relaterede parametre (puppe og juvenile livskarakterer), og til de mulige konsekvenser for økosystemet med hensyn til bioturbation (regnormes grave-adfærd) og nedgang i koncentrationen af ekstraherbare pesticider. Forbedret afgiftnings- og antioxiderende potentiale blev demonstreret langs gradienten af pesticid forurening i felten. Forbedret afgiftning i den pre-eksponerede population var særdeles tydeliggjort ved eksponeringen til pesticider i laboratoriet sammenliget med den økologiske population. Der blev observeret distinkte energibehov og metabolisk omgruppering populationerne imellem, dette var mere udtalt hos de pre-eksponerede regnorme. Der blev detekteret fysiologiske adaptationer hos de pre-eksponerede dyr, og dette hang sammen med en kompensatorisk øgning i grave-adfærd og nedgang i koncentrationen af ekstraherbare pesticider i jorden. Konsekvenser, på populationsniveau, blev bedømt ud fra de to populationers livskarakterer. Brug af pesticider resulterede i vægtnedgang hos de voksne orme i felten og omfordeling af energiressourcer, formodentlig fra reproduktiv til metabolisk funktion. Dette førte til lavere frugtbarhed og udklæknings-succes og kunne til dels forklare de lavere regnorme-densiteter i den pesticid-påvirkede jord.This work investigated if long-term residual contamination of agricultural soils leads to adaptation of earthworm populations to pesticides. It also aimed at identifying the costs of adaptation from the individual to the population level, and the consequences for the ecosystem. Residual contamination by pesticides was assessed and compared in three fields under conventional management (classified after evaluation of pesticide applications as ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-''pesticide input), one field under organic agriculture requirements and one organic permanent pasture, all in this type of management for more than 20 years. Using a water extraction method, as indicative of the amount of bioavailable pesticides 6, 8 and 4 residues of pesticides were recovered in the ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-input'' fields, respectively, and almost no pesticides were detected in the soil of the organic field except for low levels of residual (possibly 20 years old) atrazine. The endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica were found in common to the five fields, -except A. chlorotica which was absent from the organic field-, and were used as biological models. Adaptation strategies were investigated by comparing the populations of these earthworms between the different fields according to several endpoints in field and laboratory assessments. The endpoints measured ranged from the molecular (biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes), biochemical (main energy resources), and metabolic (respiration rate, metabolomics) levels, to individual (weight, length) and population-related parameters (cocoon and juvenile life traits), and to the possible consequences for the ecosystem in terms of bioturbation (earthworm burrowing behaviour) and pesticide disappearance as an crucial ecosystem service. Enhanced detoxification and anti-oxidant potential was demonstrated along the gradient of contamination in the fields, and in particular comparing the response to an experimental pesticide exposure between the pre-exposed, thus possibly adapted earthworms from the ''high-input'' field-, and the naïve population from the organic field. Distinct energetic demands and metabolic rearrangements were observed between the populations, more pronounced in the pre-exposed earthworms. Physiological adaptation was demonstrated in pre-exposed animals, and this was associated with an increase in burrowing behaviour and pesticide disappearance in the soil. Population-level consequences were assessed in life traits of the two populations. The conventional farming including the use of pesticides decreased the weight of adult worms in the field and resulted in reallocation of energy resources, possibly from reproductive to metabolic function. This led to lower fecundity and hatching success and could partly explain lower earthworm densities in pesticide-impacted soils.Ce travail de thèse a cherché à déterminer si la contamination résiduelle à long terme des sols agricoles par les pesticides induit le développement de mécanismes d’adaptation aux pesticides chez les vers de terre. Il a aussi visé à identifier les coûts potentiels de l’adaptation de l’échelle de l’individu à celle de la population, et les conséquences pour l’écosystème sol. Une contamination résiduelle du sol par les pesticides est mesurée et comparée dans trois champs cultivés en agriculture conventionnelle (classés en fonction de l’historique cultural comme « haut », « moyen » et « bas » niveaux d’intrants), un champ cultivé en agriculture biologique et une prairie permanente biologique, tous dans ce type de management agricole depuis plus de 20 ans. En utilisant une méthode d’extraction des pesticides en milieu aqueux (représentant la fraction « biodisponible » des pesticides), 6, 8 et 4 résidus de pesticides sont détectés dans les champs à « haut », « moyen », et « bas » niveaux d’applications, respectivement, et un seul pesticide dans le sol du champ biologique (un résidu d’atrazine potentiellement vieux de plus de 20 ans). Les deux espèces endogées Allolobophora chlorotica et Aporrectodea caliginosa , communnes dans les sols des 5 champs,- mis à part A. chlorotica qui est absente du champ cultivé en agriculture biologique-, ont servi de modèles biologiques d’étude. Les stratégies d’adaptation aux pesticides sont étudiées en comparant les réponses de ces populations de vers de terre sur le terrain et après des expositions aux pesticides en laboratoire. Les réponses mesurées s’étendent de l’échelle moléculaire (enzymes de biotransformation et du stress oxidatif), biochimique (ressources énergétiques), métabolique (taux de respiration, métabolomique) à l’échelle de l’individu (biomasse, longueur) et de la population (traits de vie des cocons et des juvéniles), et aux possibles conséquences pour l’écosystème sol en termes de bioturbation (creusement et ingestion de sol) et de dissipation des pesticides comme service ecosystémique. Une capacité de détoxification augmentée et un plus grand potentiel anti-oxidant sont observés le long du gradient de contamination du sol et en laboratoire après exposition des vers de terre des champs conventionnel (population « pré-exposée ») et biologique (« naïve) à des pesticides. Des demandes énergétiques et des réarrangements métaboliques différents sont observés dans les deux populations, et sont plus prononcés chez la population pré-exposée. Une adaptation physiologique est démontrée chez les animaux pré-exposés, qui est associée à une ’augmentation de la bioturbation, et en cascade à une dissipation du pesticide dans le sol. Les conséquences au niveau de la population sont étudiées en termes de traits d’histoire de vie des deux populations pré-exposées et naïves. Le management en conventionnel incluant l’utilisation de pesticides semble diminuer le poids des adultes au champ, et implique potentiellement la réallocation des ressources énergétiques, des mécanismes reproductifs vers les processus métaboliques. Ceci aboutit à une diminution de la fécondité et du pourcentage d’éclosion et pourrait être un facteur participant à la diminution des populations de vers de terre dans les champs cultivés avec utilisation de produits phytosanitaires

Adaptation strategies of soil biodiversity (earthworms) to pesticides : mechanisms in play and ecosystemic cost assessment

This work investigated if long-term residual contamination of agricultural soils leads to adaptation of earthworm populations to pesticides. It also aimed at identifying the costs of adaptation from the individual to the population level, and the consequences for the ecosystem. Residual contamination by pesticides was assessed and compared in three fields under conventional management (classified after evaluation of pesticide applications as ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-''pesticide input), one field under organic agriculture requirements and one organic permanent pasture, all in this type of management for more than 20 years. Using a water extraction method, as indicative of the amount of bioavailable pesticides 6, 8 and 4 residues of pesticides were recovered in the ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-input'' fields, respectively, and almost no pesticides were detected in the soil of the organic field except for low levels of residual (possibly 20 years old) atrazine. The endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica were found in common to the five fields, -except A. chlorotica which was absent from the organic field-, and were used as biological models. Adaptation strategies were investigated by comparing the populations of these earthworms between the different fields according to several endpoints in field and laboratory assessments. The endpoints measured ranged from the molecular (biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes), biochemical (main energy resources), and metabolic (respiration rate, metabolomics) levels, to individual (weight, length) and population-related parameters (cocoon and juvenile life traits), and to the possible consequences for the ecosystem in terms of bioturbation (earthworm burrowing behaviour) and pesticide disappearance as an crucial ecosystem service. Enhanced detoxification and anti-oxidant potential was demonstrated along the gradient of contamination in the fields, and in particular comparing the response to an experimental pesticide exposure between the pre-exposed, thus possibly adapted earthworms from the ''high-input'' field-, and the naïve population from the organic field. Distinct energetic demands and metabolic rearrangements were observed between the populations, more pronounced in the pre-exposed earthworms. Physiological adaptation was demonstrated in pre-exposed animals, and this was associated with an increase in burrowing behaviour and pesticide disappearance in the soil. Population-level consequences were assessed in life traits of the two populations. The conventional farming including the use of pesticides decreased the weight of adult worms in the field and resulted in reallocation of energy resources, possibly from reproductive to metabolic function. This led to lower fecundity and hatching success and could partly explain lower earthworm densities in pesticide-impacted soils

Potentiel d'adaptation des lombricidés aux pollutions environnementales résiduelles établies en paysage agricole : mécanismes en jeu et coûts à l'écosystème

I dette arbejde blev der forsket i om langsigtet residualforurening af landbrugsjord fører til pesticidadaptation hos regnorme. Forskningen sigtede også efter at identificere adaptations-omkostningerne fra individ- til populationsniveau, og konsekvenserne for økosystemet. Pesticiders residualforurening blev vurderet og sammenlignet i; tre konventionelt styrede marker (klassificeret efter evaluering af pesticid-anvendelser som ”højt-”, ”medium-”, og ”lav-input”), en mark styret ud fra økologiske betingelser, og et økologisk permanent græsningsareal, alle havde været styret på denne måde i mere end 20 år. Ved hjælp af en vand-ekstraktionsmetode blev 6,8 og 4 pesticidresiduums udvundet i henholdsvis ”høj-”, ”medium-”, og ”lav-input” markerne, og næsten ingen pesticider blev detekteret i jorden fra den økologiske mark bortset fra lave niveauer af resterende (højst sandsynligt 20 år gammelt) atrazin. Regnorms-populationerne Aporrectodea caliginosa og Allolobophora chlorotica blev fundet i alle fem marker, bortset fra A. chlorotica som ikke var til stede i den økologiske mark. Adaptationsstrategier blev undersøgt ved at sammenligne populationerne af disse regnorme de forskellige marker imellem ifølge flere parametre i felt- og laboratoriebedømmelserne. De målte parametre rangerede fra molekylære- (biotransformation og antioxiderende enzymer), biokemiske- (primære energiressourcer), og metaboliske- (respirationsrate, metabolomics) niveauer, til individuelle- (vægt, længde) og populations-relaterede parametre (puppe og juvenile livskarakterer), og til de mulige konsekvenser for økosystemet med hensyn til bioturbation (regnormes grave-adfærd) og nedgang i koncentrationen af ekstraherbare pesticider. Forbedret afgiftnings- og antioxiderende potentiale blev demonstreret langs gradienten af pesticid forurening i felten. Forbedret afgiftning i den pre-eksponerede population var særdeles tydeliggjort ved eksponeringen til pesticider i laboratoriet sammenliget med den økologiske population. Der blev observeret distinkte energibehov og metabolisk omgruppering populationerne imellem, dette var mere udtalt hos de pre-eksponerede regnorme. Der blev detekteret fysiologiske adaptationer hos de pre-eksponerede dyr, og dette hang sammen med en kompensatorisk øgning i grave-adfærd og nedgang i koncentrationen af ekstraherbare pesticider i jorden. Konsekvenser, på populationsniveau, blev bedømt ud fra de to populationers livskarakterer. Brug af pesticider resulterede i vægtnedgang hos de voksne orme i felten og omfordeling af energiressourcer, formodentlig fra reproduktiv til metabolisk funktion. Dette førte til lavere frugtbarhed og udklæknings-succes og kunne til dels forklare de lavere regnorme-densiteter i den pesticid-påvirkede jord.This work investigated if long-term residual contamination of agricultural soils leads to adaptation of earthworm populations to pesticides. It also aimed at identifying the costs of adaptation from the individual to the population level, and the consequences for the ecosystem. Residual contamination by pesticides was assessed and compared in three fields under conventional management (classified after evaluation of pesticide applications as ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-''pesticide input), one field under organic agriculture requirements and one organic permanent pasture, all in this type of management for more than 20 years. Using a water extraction method, as indicative of the amount of bioavailable pesticides 6, 8 and 4 residues of pesticides were recovered in the ''high-'', ''medium-'', and ''low-input'' fields, respectively, and almost no pesticides were detected in the soil of the organic field except for low levels of residual (possibly 20 years old) atrazine. The endogeic species Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica were found in common to the five fields, -except A. chlorotica which was absent from the organic field-, and were used as biological models. Adaptation strategies were investigated by comparing the populations of these earthworms between the different fields according to several endpoints in field and laboratory assessments. The endpoints measured ranged from the molecular (biotransformation and anti-oxidant enzymes), biochemical (main energy resources), and metabolic (respiration rate, metabolomics) levels, to individual (weight, length) and population-related parameters (cocoon and juvenile life traits), and to the possible consequences for the ecosystem in terms of bioturbation (earthworm burrowing behaviour) and pesticide disappearance as an crucial ecosystem service. Enhanced detoxification and anti-oxidant potential was demonstrated along the gradient of contamination in the fields, and in particular comparing the response to an experimental pesticide exposure between the pre-exposed, thus possibly adapted earthworms from the ''high-input'' field-, and the naïve population from the organic field. Distinct energetic demands and metabolic rearrangements were observed between the populations, more pronounced in the pre-exposed earthworms. Physiological adaptation was demonstrated in pre-exposed animals, and this was associated with an increase in burrowing behaviour and pesticide disappearance in the soil. Population-level consequences were assessed in life traits of the two populations. The conventional farming including the use of pesticides decreased the weight of adult worms in the field and resulted in reallocation of energy resources, possibly from reproductive to metabolic function. This led to lower fecundity and hatching success and could partly explain lower earthworm densities in pesticide-impacted soils.Ce travail de thèse a cherché à déterminer si la contamination résiduelle à long terme des sols agricoles par les pesticides induit le développement de mécanismes d’adaptation aux pesticides chez les vers de terre. Il a aussi visé à identifier les coûts potentiels de l’adaptation de l’échelle de l’individu à celle de la population, et les conséquences pour l’écosystème sol. Une contamination résiduelle du sol par les pesticides est mesurée et comparée dans trois champs cultivés en agriculture conventionnelle (classés en fonction de l’historique cultural comme « haut », « moyen » et « bas » niveaux d’intrants), un champ cultivé en agriculture biologique et une prairie permanente biologique, tous dans ce type de management agricole depuis plus de 20 ans. En utilisant une méthode d’extraction des pesticides en milieu aqueux (représentant la fraction « biodisponible » des pesticides), 6, 8 et 4 résidus de pesticides sont détectés dans les champs à « haut », « moyen », et « bas » niveaux d’applications, respectivement, et un seul pesticide dans le sol du champ biologique (un résidu d’atrazine potentiellement vieux de plus de 20 ans). Les deux espèces endogées Allolobophora chlorotica et Aporrectodea caliginosa , communnes dans les sols des 5 champs,- mis à part A. chlorotica qui est absente du champ cultivé en agriculture biologique-, ont servi de modèles biologiques d’étude. Les stratégies d’adaptation aux pesticides sont étudiées en comparant les réponses de ces populations de vers de terre sur le terrain et après des expositions aux pesticides en laboratoire. Les réponses mesurées s’étendent de l’échelle moléculaire (enzymes de biotransformation et du stress oxidatif), biochimique (ressources énergétiques), métabolique (taux de respiration, métabolomique) à l’échelle de l’individu (biomasse, longueur) et de la population (traits de vie des cocons et des juvéniles), et aux possibles conséquences pour l’écosystème sol en termes de bioturbation (creusement et ingestion de sol) et de dissipation des pesticides comme service ecosystémique. Une capacité de détoxification augmentée et un plus grand potentiel anti-oxidant sont observés le long du gradient de contamination du sol et en laboratoire après exposition des vers de terre des champs conventionnel (population « pré-exposée ») et biologique (« naïve) à des pesticides. Des demandes énergétiques et des réarrangements métaboliques différents sont observés dans les deux populations, et sont plus prononcés chez la population pré-exposée. Une adaptation physiologique est démontrée chez les animaux pré-exposés, qui est associée à une ’augmentation de la bioturbation, et en cascade à une dissipation du pesticide dans le sol. Les conséquences au niveau de la population sont étudiées en termes de traits d’histoire de vie des deux populations pré-exposées et naïves. Le management en conventionnel incluant l’utilisation de pesticides semble diminuer le poids des adultes au champ, et implique potentiellement la réallocation des ressources énergétiques, des mécanismes reproductifs vers les processus métaboliques. Ceci aboutit à une diminution de la fécondité et du pourcentage d’éclosion et pourrait être un facteur participant à la diminution des populations de vers de terre dans les champs cultivés avec utilisation de produits phytosanitaires

Earthworm tolerance to residual agricultural pesticide contamination: field and experimental assessment of detoxification capabilities

International audienceThis study investigates if acclimatization to residual pesticide contamination in agricultural soils is reflected in detoxification, antioxidant enzyme activities and energy budget of earthworms. Five fields within a joint agricultural area exhibited different chemical and farming histories from conventional cultivation to organic pasture. Soil multiresidual pesticide analysis revealed up to 9 molecules including atrazine up to 2.4 ng g(-1) dry soil. Exposure history of endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa and Allolobophora chlorotica modified their responses to pesticides. In the field, activities of soluble glutathione-S-transferases (sGST) and catalase increased with soil pesticide contamination in A. caliginosa. Pesticide stress was reflected in depletion of energy reserves in A. chlorotica. Acute exposure of pre-adapted and naïve A. caliginosa to pesticides (fungicide Opus(®), 0.1 μg active ingredient epoxiconazole g(-1) dry soil, RoundUp Flash(®), 2.5 μg active ingredient glyphosate g(-1) dry soil, and their mixture), revealed that environmental pre-exposure accelerated activation of the detoxification enzyme sGST towards epoxiconazole

Impact of apple orchard management strategies on earthworm (Allolobophora chlorotica) energy reserves

International audienceTo assess the effects of agricultural management strategies on earthworm energy reserves (glycogen and lipids), 16 apple orchards under different strategies (organic, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), conventional and abandoned) were selected. Soil samples and 10 adults of the most common earthworm species (Allolobophora chlorotica) were sampled in each orchard. The glycogen and lipid concentrations in the earthworms did not correlate with any soil characteristics and no significant differences in earth: worm weight were observed between strategies. However, significantly lower glycogen and lipid concentrations were found in earthworms inhabiting conventional orchards, with a decrease of 45 and 63% compared to organic and abandoned orchards respectively. Earthworms from IPM orchards had intermediate values. This suggests that pesticide usage leads to the observed decrease of energy reserves in A. chlorotica. Thus the reduced insecticide use in IPM compared to conventional strategies, albeit significant, appears to be too small to result in pronounced effects on energy reserves in this earthworm species. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

PCR and quantitative-PCR to analyse prey-specific cladocerans feeding: optimisation of Planktothrix detection in Daphnia diet

National audienceCladocerans play a central role in lacustrine food webs as grazers of plankton and as prey for many planktivorous predators. Thus, the understanding of their trophic interactions is critical and emphasises the need for the development of new tools to investigate zooplankton trophic processes. In this respect, a promising strategy for assessment of feeding of metazooplankton is the use of prey specific nucleic acid molecules as biomarkers of trophic transfer, as recently developed in marine systems for copepods (Nejstgaard et al 2008, Troedsson et al 2009). In this study, we focused more especially on the DNA-based detection of toxic cyanobacteria (Planktothrix rubescens) in Daphnia diet. This cladoceran represents an essential food resource for young perch (Perca fluviatilis) and whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in the mesotrophic Lake Bourget which is characterized by the recurrent presence of Planktothrix rubescens. Consequently, these cladocerans represent a potential way of cyanotoxins transfer to the planktivorous fish. The molecular gut content analysis of Daphnia could be a powerful tool to investigate in situ the importance of this potential pathway. In this study, we developed a DNA-based method to detect Planktothrix in cladocerans feeding by molecular approaches. To develop the assay, we conducted controlled laboratory feeding experiments using phytoplanktonic cultures and Daphnia clones initially isolated from Lake Bourget. Several methodological approaches were evaluated to extract total DNA from Daphnia and to define the minimum number of Daphnia suitable for this molecular tracking. In parallel, we tested and validated the specificity of primers for Planktothrix detection and quantification by PCR and qPCR (TaqMan and SybrGreen). We present the first results of successful extraction, molecular detection and quantification of a specific prey consumed by Daphnia. Using Daphnia hyalina fed either with P. rubescens alone or with an equal mix of Scenedesmus and P. rubescens, as model systems, DNA originating from P. rubescens was unambiguously detected and quantified in DNA extracts from cladocerans. The results suggest that the quantification of prey items by qPCR could be used to estimate the feeding rates. Future studies under controlled laboratory and field conditions should be conducted to correct for breakdown in prey DNA and perform extensive calibrations in order to achieve a quantitative measure of feeding rates in situ

Short-term uptake of microcystin-LR by Coregonus lavaretus: GST activity and genotoxicity

International audienceIn the present study, juvenile whitefish weighing 2 g were exposed by force-feeding to two ecologically relevant doses (0.05 and 0.5 mu g per fish) of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Then over 96 h the MC uptake in fish liver and muscle was measured, as the activity of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver, and the genotoxicity impact on red blood cells. Results show that (1) the MC-LR equivalent concentrations increased for both doses and in both organs of whitefish with approximately threefold lower concentrations for the low dose compared to the high dose in both organs and threefold lower concentrations in the muscle compared to the liver for each dose (2) the liver GST activity increased during the first 48 h of exposure with fivefold higher GST activity for the highest dose at 48 h compared to control and (3) MC-LR leads to deoxyribonucleic acid strand breaks that were detected by the comet assay and shown to be partially repaired. This work demonstrates that European whitefish could be impacted by cyanobacteria toxins due to rapid microcystin uptake, especially in the context of chronic contamination, which can occur during long bloom episodes

Adaptation strategies of soil biodiversity (earthworms) to pesticides: From physiological changes to soil ecological implications

International audienc

Adaptation strategies of soil biodiversity (earthworms) to pesticides: From physiological changes to soil ecological implications

International audienc