L'albanais aux confluences de la Méditerranée : le domaine maritime

Nous nous fixons comme objectif de cerner les influences linguistiques et culturelles méditerranéennes en albanais. Pour ce faire, nous choisissons deux domaines : celui de la mer et celui du patrimoine culinaire. Les données tirées des ressources lexicographiques et textuelles nous permettront d'analyser les emprunts lexicaux du domaine maritime en albanais. Pour ce qui est des influences culturelles, nous ne présenterons que la dimension culturelle et symbolique des emprunts du domaine culinaire.Ens donem com a objectiu discernir les influències lingüístiques i culturals mediterrànies en albanès. Per això, seleccionem dos àmbits: el del mar i el del patrimoni culinari. Les dades obtingudes dels recursos lexicogràfics i textuals ens permetran d'analitzar els préstecs lèxics de l'àmbit marítim en albanès. Pel que fa a les influències culturals, només presentarem la dimensió cultural i simbòlica dels préstecs de l'àmbit culinari.This article sets out to identify Mediterranean linguistic and cultural influences in Albanian. We choose two areas: the maritime domain and the culinary heritage. Based on lexicographic databases and textual resources, we proceed to the analysis of lexical borrowings in Albanian maritime vocabulary. For what concerns the cultural influences, we will only present the cultural and symbolic dimension of borrowings in the culinary domain.Nos damos como objetivo discernir las influencias lingüísticas y culturales mediterráneas en albanés. A tal efecto, seleccionamos dos ámbitos: el del mar y el del patrimonio culinario. Los datos obtenidos de los recursos lexicográficos y textuales nos permitirán analizar los préstamos léxicos del ámbito marítimo en albanés. Por lo que respecta a las influencias culturales, solo presentaremos la dimensión cultural y simbólica de los préstamos del ámbito culinario

Microvasculature and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood

__Abstract__ Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and hospitalization worldwide, and is a major public health problem in adult populations. The developmental‐ origins hypothesis suggests that cardiovascular disease might originate from early life. Adverse exposures, acting in different periods of fetal and early postnatal life might lead to permanent adaptations in the cardiovascular system, which are beneficial for short term survival, but increase the susceptibility of cardiovascular disease in later life. This hypothesis is supported by experimental studies in animals showing that growth restriction in early life leads to developmental adaptations in cardiovascular structure and function, which leads to an increase in vulnerability to cardiovascular disease. In line with this hypothesis, large observational studies in humans have shown that fetal growth restriction and rapid infant growth are associated with cardiac and vascular changes in childhood and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Also, observational studies using more detailed adverse exposures during fetal life suggested that, among other maternal factors, higher maternal blood pressure during pregnancy and the presence of gestational hypertensive disorders are associated with increased risks of fetal growth restriction and a higher blood pressure in childhood. Postnatally, suboptimal infant nutrition and increased adiposity levels throughout childhood are also shown to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease in later life. Thus, previous research suggests that a restricted nutritional in utero environment and abundant postnatal environment may lead to cardiovascular disease in later life. The mechanisms relating adverse maternal, fetal and infant factors with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in later life are not fully understood. Early microvasculature adaptations, in response to adverse exposures in early life, might be part of the underlying mechanisms in the development of cardiovascular disease. Animal studies have shown that alterations in the microvascular structure and, hence, increased peripheral resistance, precede the development of hypertension. In humans, the microvasculature can non‐invasively be assessed by using retinal vascular imaging. Several longitudinal studies among adults have shown that retinal arteriolar narrowing, likely indicative of increased peripheral vascular resistance, is associated with increased risks of hypertension and stroke in later life, whereas wider retinal venular caliber is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and inflammation. Thus, these studies suggest that alterations in retinal vessel calibers can be used as early markers of cardio‐metabolic disease risk. In summary, cardiovascular disease might already originate in early life. Identifying risk factors and potential mechanisms influencing the development of cardiovascular diseases from early life onwards, is important for future preventive strategies that aim to improve cardiovascular health throughout the life course. Therefore, studies presented in this thesis were designed to identify maternal, fetal and infant factors associated with microvasculature alterations and cardiovascular healt

Les dimensions fonctionnelles et discursives des exemples dans un dictionnaire de langue

L’exemple est un élément essentiel dans le dispositif pédagogique et idéologique du dictionnaire. Le lexicographe le choisit pour permettre au lecteur de mieux comprendre le signifié et/ou d’identifier le référent, ou encore de bien préciser l’usage du mot dans un système linguistique et socioculturel donné. Comme le soulignent différents lexicographes, le rôle des exemples est essentiel pour un bon usage du dictionnaire. Ce qui est nécessaire surtout, c’est l’élaboration de l’exemplification (typologie, sources, statut, typographie, etc.). La présente étude se propose donc de définir le rôle des exemples dans le discours lexicographique. De plus, l’on voudrait vérifier que l’exemple sert à éviter l’ambiguïté du sens des mots répertoriés dans le dictionnaire, à en préciser l’emploi linguistique par la construction phrastique et enfin à en révéler tout le sens implicite. L’analyse portera sur un corpus appartenant au Petit Robert. On a choisi d’analyser l’exemple dans ce dictionnaire en particulier parce qu’il est d’une part richement exemplifié et d’autre part fréquemment remanié

30 Yan-nhanu language documentation and revitalisation

Breastfeeding may have a protective effect on the development of obesity in later life. Not much is known about the effects of infant feeding on more-specific fat measures.We examined associations of breastfeeding duration and exclusiveness and age at the introduction of solid foods with general and abdominal fat outcomes in children.We performed a population-based, prospective cohort study in 5063 children. Information about infant feeding was obtained by using questionnaires. At the median age of 6.0 y (90\% range: 5.7\%, 6.8\%), we measured childhood anthropometric measures, total fat mass and the android:gynoid fat ratio by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and preperitoneal abdominal fat by using ultrasound.We observed that, in the models adjusted for child age, sex, and height only, a shorter breastfeeding duration, nonexclusive breastfeeding, and younger age at the introduction of solid foods were associated with higher childhood general and abdominal fat measures (P-trend < 0.05) but not with higher childhood body mass index. The introduction of solid foods at a younger age but not breastfeeding duration or exclusivity was associated with higher risk of overweight or obesity (OR: 2.05; 95\% CI: 1.41, 2.90). After adjustment for family-based sociodemographic, maternal lifestyle, and childhood factors, the introduction of solid food between 4-4.9 mo of age was associated with higher risks of overweight or obesity, but the overall trend was not significant.Associations of infant breastfeeding and age at the introduction of solid foods with general and abdominal fat outcomes are explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle-related factors. Whether infant dietary composition affects specific fat outcomes at older ages should be further studied

Sedentary Time and Central Adiposity in Children

There is currently a global epidemic of obesity, with a recent pooled analysis indicating that over the last forty yrs, the number of obese people worldwide has risen from 105 million to 641 million (1). The global economic and clinical burden is substantial, with pressures not only for treating obesity per se but also for treating the associated myriad of noncommunicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and cancer. Importantly, childhood obesity is a strong predictor of adult obesity (2)

Maternal vomiting during early pregnancy and cardiovascular risk factors at school age: the Generation R Study

Background: Evidence suggests that low birth weight and fetal exposure to extreme maternal undernutrition is associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a clinical entity characterized by severe nausea and excess vomiting leading to a suboptimal maternal nutritional status during early pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several studies also showed that different measures related to hyperemesis gravidarum, such as maternal daily vomiting or severe weight loss, are associated with increased risks of adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes. Not much is known about long-term offspring consequences of maternal hyperemesis gravidarum and related measures during pregnancy. We examined the associations of maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy, as a measure related to hyperemesis gravidarum, with childhood cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards among 4,769 mothers and their children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, we measured childhood body mass index, total fat mass percentage, android/gynoid fat mass ratio, preperitoneal fat mass area, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels. We used multiple regression analyses to assess the associations of maternal vomiting during early pregnancy with childhood cardiovascular outcomes. Results: Compared with the children of mothers without daily vomiting during early pregnancy, the children of mothers with daily vomiting during early pregnancy had a higher childhood total body fat mass (difference 0.12 standard deviation score [SDS]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.20), android/gynoid fat mass ratio (difference 0.13 SDS; 95% CI 0.04– 0.23), and preperitoneal fat mass area (difference 0.10 SDS; 95% CI 0–0.20). These associations were not explained by birth characteristics but partly explained by higher infant growth. Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy was not associated with childhood blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels. Conclusions: Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy is associated with higher childhood total body fat mass and abdominal fat mass levels, but not with other cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, to explore the underlying mechanisms and to ass

Estimating Reductions in Ethnic Inequalities in Child Adiposity from Hypothetical Diet, Screen Time, and Sports Participation Interventions

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a global epidemic, and its prevalence differs by ethnicity. The objective of this study was to estimate the change in ethnic inequalities in child adiposity at age 10 resulting from interventions on diet at age 8 and screen time and sports participation at age 9. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cohort study, the Generation R Study, from 9,749 births in Rotterdam (2002-2006), of which 9,506 children remained in the analysis. We measured ethnicity, diet, screen time, and sports participation through questionnaires; we measured weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass index, and fat-free mass index directly. We used sequential G-estimation to estimate the reduction in inequality that would result from the interventions. RESULTS: We observed that sociodemographic characteristics, diet, screen time, sports participation, and all adiposity measurements were more favorable in children from Western versus non-Western ethnic backgrounds: weight = -1.2 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.7, -0.8), BMI = -1.0 kg/m (CI = -1.2, -0.9), and fat mass index = -0.8 kg/m (CI = -0.9, -0.7). We estimated that extreme intervention (maximum diet score of 10, no screen time, and >4 hours/week of sports) reduced ethnic inequalities by 21% (CI = 8%, 35%) for weight, 9% (CI = 4%, 14%) for BMI, and 9% (CI = 6%, 13%) for fat mass index. A diet score ≥5 points, screen time ≤2 hours/day, and sports participation >2 hours/week reduced ethnic inequalities by 17% (CI = 6%, 28%) for weight, 7% (CI = 3%, 11%) for BMI, and 7% (CI = 4%, 10%) for fat mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that interventions integrating diet, screen time, and sports participation have a moderate impact on reducing ethnic inequalities in child adiposity